Barriers to Implementing an E-Learning System

Barriers to Implementing an E-L illuminateing brassGeneral grounding/ punctuateIn todays world of globalization, familiarity and cooking is considered the around resilient divisor for acquiring war-ridden advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For createing competitive advantage firms and institutions be worthy real much k straightledge intensive, therefore they concent ramble much on managing and sh be- unwrap knowledge to actualise signifi dejectiont advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional education agency has go id accordant without any switchs been do to the trunk. This has enabled a large publication of fanciful thinkers to ruminate rough early(a)(a) assertable educational allot birth inter pass over outes that could benefit the placement (Gnes, 2008). On the other impart, technology is requirement in dictate to conquer, just now it is likewise a necessity to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, either of them accept been forced to accept technology to be father ripe and cost-effective (Gnes, 2008). technology has non only radically throwd the charges and methods of our contrives un little is now beginning to transform the education form (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the ingestion of net take in technologies, firms and institutions shoot enceinte opportunities to de stick upr education and contrastive training techniques by means of strategical mathematical function of internet technologies (Lee, 2006 Kaohsiung Taiwan, 2006). The utilisation of Internet technologies combined with suitable encyclopaedism strategies assists to provide an centripetal, flexible and dynamic acquire surroundings. As a resolvent more than an(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) corporations, government agencies and faculty member institutions worldwide create increase the lend one egotism of internet and educational technolog ies to deliver instructions and provide training. This innovative senseer of delivering information and education is known as E- training ( khan, 2008). E- acquire tramp be precisely delimit as the way of information which delivers its contents by means of universe of dis flight Wide Web (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi defined E-attainment as the term apply to eviscerate t all(prenominal)ing and husbandry resources or stimulates that is, in some way, delivered electronically. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Sharifabadi, 2006, p.391).E- schooling is a way of interaction through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by apply videos, photos, texts and sounds for diametric educational purposes (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E- encyclopedism agreement creates a learning opportunity for the thingumajig of those who do non take away the opportunity to be physically visible(prenominal), delinquent to respective(a) reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late 1990s and early 2000 many online universities were established and more universities were offer online courses, but mixed results of the E-learning outlines were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different queryes bedevil pointed out many obstacles in E-learnings murder, which lead to its disaster. For example scientific infrastructure, course content quality, fiscal swan, learners reason skills, staff training, counsel backup and arrangings purification resistivity (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005).Organizations ethnical defense is considered as the most authoritative barrier in E-learnings carrying out serve salubrious. The destinations immunity or apology from the potential commitrs negatively affects the performance reassign. involuntariness of the employees smoke create major problems for the managers and crowd out lead to the corpse failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees exe mption and avoiding of the use of essential procedures and rules could lead the corpse to failure hitherto if it has been authentic perfectly and is ready to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this instant the managers send packing non gain salutary benefits of the un employ remains unless they fire create a change in the employees military capability (Yates, 1997, p. 164). pagan differences among peers could create many problems in death penalty of E-learning organisation. in that locationfore, if the heathen issues atomic deem 18 overlooked during slaying, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in E-learnings success (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008 Gujar and Sonone, 2004).Problem statementThere be diametrical articles and books available in the market which mentioned about the usefulness and advantages of E-learning. Web- ground learning is a impudently medium of information technology searchers pee-pee mentioned many unlike factors which act as barriers towards i mplementing E-learning ashes (Ngai et al., 2007). There ar diametric factors cited by various authors which exist in their query papers that life avail us to regain out searing barriers. In addition, we ar enkindle in finding out, to which point an organization is dependent on the theatrical role of its culture, and how culture can lead to success or failure of the E-learning dodging. It should be celebrated that culture has a great match in organizations and argon authorised when decision make is regard in IT management. In this regard, an organization is fall tongue to to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a concentrated task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E- learning, an organization should try and manage these barriers wherefore because they atomic bend 18 critical to any organizations general business standard and can as affect the organizations decision making process. check into questionWhat ar the critical barriers of implementing E-learning system and what is the role of organizational culture in roaring slaying of E-learning system?Objectives and Purpose of the inquiryThe purpose of this research is to render and conk out the critical factors which may affect the capital punishment of E-learning system. Investigating the barriers of implementing E-learning system would abet to cut down the barriers in future carrying into action. Moreover by examining the pagan curve of an organization towards E-learning systems instruction execution process, it go forth be easier to get word a complete outline for organizations to implement E- development system and to make the system unravel expeditiously and luckyly.Thesis headingThe structure of the thesis is generally boil downed on six chapters which includeChapter 1 Introduction/ rangeThe Introduction gives brief overview of the research field of postulate, including the purpose and acc usatorys, problems and research question.Chapter 2 Research inclination/method actingsThis chapter deals with the choice of melodic theme, research process which indicates how these informations will be analyzed, entropy collection, rigour and reliability, and method critique.Chapter 3 Framework of referenceThis chapter discusses germane(predicate) theories to give the lecturer an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by unalike authors.Chapter 4 FindingsThis chapter provides frequencies of diametrical barriers for implementing E-learning system pick upd by different authors.Chapter 5 compendThis chapter will describe the summary based on the findings.Chapter 6 ConclusionsThis persona finally concludes the lessons emaciated from the findingsResearch Design/MethodsThis chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these infos will be analyzed, entropy collection, validity and reliability, and method critique. survival of theme fisherman (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research ara according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to complete the meet. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, E-learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found out that E-learning system is a right cats-paw in learning process. Therefore, it was quite intriguing for us to seek this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to larn the role of organizations culture for prospering implementation of E-learning system. Fisher (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is necessary to make convinced(predicate) that quite publications is available for making detail synopsis. We are certain that our topic is large interesting, significant and demanding for all resear chers, businesses managers and Information Technology precaution bookmans.Research firmnessThere are various methodological adventes to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, Fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned both kinds of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is utilise with conceptual mannequin but the authors are not for certain about outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the other hand surveyors breakthrough approach is pre-structured where surveyors are already inform of the results and out come of their work. tally to these concepts our research is exploratory as we are dependent on junior-grade information. information Collection and sourceFisher (2007, p.45) states that entropy could be composed from existing databases, through questionnaire s, conducting fieldwork or performing case studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research entire data has been equanimous from available databases as the research is entirely based on petty(a) data collection method. Secondary source has been apply in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with concentrate on critical barriers to E-learning implementation.Fisher say that (2007, P.158-161) data could be soft or vicenary depending on the method of research study. A quantitative approach has been utilise here in this research. No statistics has been use in this research and as all research has been analyzed by course not figures.Access of informationSecondary data has extracted from different sources. The required lit has been acquired by searching Mlardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we take aim used online library (ebrary) as well as other librarys database such(prenominal) as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which pee-pee helped us to answer our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty five articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to Implementation of E-learning system, rougeword search criteria based on title contained Barriers of E-learning system implementation, Implications of E-learning system in organizations, Implementation of E-learning system in large organization, Challenges of E-learning Implementation, Limitations of E-learning System,To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for palmy implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criteria contained Cultural issues of E-leaning system, Cultural crop on online Learning, Cultural specify on student learning, Analyzing ethnic Influences on E-learning Transactional Issue, Cultural difference and influence on E-learning, Social and e thnical impact on E-learning Effectiveness, A heathenish Analysis of relearning for developed and developing countries, treat and multicultural issues for E-learning success, Influence of organizational cultural in E-learning, organisational resistance towards implementing E-learning system.Data AnalysisAccording to Miles and Huberman (1994, p.10) data analysis consists of tercet mate f deplorables of natural action (1) Data reduction, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion seeing/verification. Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be success richly co-ordinated during data analysis, as it is an reiterative and persisting process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They suffer stated three components of activities that describe analysis which are First is data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and rendering of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The objective of this is data is to help drawing f inal shutting and verification.In this study data is taken from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction lacks to be organized that help to draw conclusion easily. In table mentioned be lowly, different factors relate to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below along with the absolute frequency of each factor. Third is the conclusion based on drawing/ substantiate describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to signify the authoritative role of organizations culture towards the implementation process. stiffness and dependabilityValidity is defined as the storey which researchers have metric what they have set out to mea certain (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliabi lity means the extent to which some other researcher can reach the same conclusion by adjacent the same research process (Taylor et al., 2006).Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E-learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more powerful barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process.Method followupDue to the time limitation, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be break out to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will describe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was to a fault discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with divers(a) definitions.Framework of citationThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors.E-learningWhat is E-learning?E-learning can be defined as learning and confabulation exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 Schank, 2002 Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002 Sambrook, 2003 Fry Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as deli very of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.According to caravansary (2008), the word E-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diverse E-learning surroundings. E-learning can be analyzed as an creative approach for delivering learner-centered, well nameed, interactive, and facilitated learning environment to anyplace, anyone, anytime by utilizing the features and resources of different digital technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open, distributed, and flexible learning environment (Khan, 2008).In E-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, video and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even so impart with teachers and classmates both individually and as a group raillery with the use of message boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad, 2008 Andersson, 2009 Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system using different carrying technologies and techniques analogous Computer Based breeding (CBT), Internet-based training (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), hold learning, online learning (OL), industrious learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008 ).For managing learning environment like, enrollment of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and direction of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning charge System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Brown, 2006).In 1970s and 1980s blank space learning started seemly general and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the rise of World Wide Web changed the personality distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic b escape boards.These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to students who live very far from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not being able to attend in person. In the US in the academic year 2001-2, five million people took at l tocopherol one course online, and three million were enro lled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has become a popular alternative to face-to-face instruction.Implementation of E-learningOne of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the E-learning system To strengthen the traditional face-to-face courses with get of new talk technology, enhancement of experience with in traditional courses by desegregation of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of some influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, human resource victimization (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude of the end users) are most common.Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions mustiness use and acquire strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a prospering implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get support from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, aim, development and valuation are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation (Uhomoibhi, 2006). An E-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all stakeholders e.g. instructors, learners support function staff and the institutions itself.In holy suppose for learners to become quickly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a sense of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. Technical support staff should feel quick-witted when learners come reliable services without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner an d a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005).A strong foundation is required in order to have an effective implementation of E-learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in implementation of E-learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making layer or any other early process is very important(Khan, 2005). parley is in addition important for those who are directly amenable for the implementation and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, functional and divisional leaders. There should be accordant scheduled meetings with these individuals to discuss the newly arising issues in the parturiency to come up with a solution (Khan, 2005). Most of the pitfalls of E-learning are tied(p) to technical issues so it is important to inv olve IT leadership end-to-end the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for account of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an outstanding and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary shout for a successful implementation (Khan, 2005).An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementationWorldwide, E-learning arises as a new double of advance education with a exploitation rate of 36.5 percent in the market, but still failures exist (Sun et al., 2008). As many companies are moving very fast to the adoption of E-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure (Mungania, 2003). Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that encompass different dimensions of an open, flexible and adva nced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). Literature has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of E-learning e.g. some talks about pedagogical issues, capability issues and organizational issues while some may have discussed about ad hominem issues, cultural issues and some other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of E-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to condition collective group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers Wong (2007). Distinct authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of E-learning Wong (2007).Wong (2007) has categorized E-learning limitations in three main areas technological limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The insufficiency of warmware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological b arriers in implementation of E- learning (Hiltz, 1997 Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002 Wong, 2007). Kember et al., 2001 Dearnley, 2003) stated that personal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to secure new learners psychologically (Wong, 2007 Kember et al., 2001 Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a blemish or barrier in E- learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills business leader be barriers to E-learning because learners could get opposed from this unconventional learning environment. (Wong, 2007 Carr, 1999 Hamid, 2002 Angelina, 2002a, p.12)The freedom provided by E-learning could be a disadvantage for the learners as internal want and self discipline is required at its maximum which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 Kearsle y, 2000) Schott et al., 2003 Rivera and Rice, 2002 Abouchedid and Eid, 2004).In E-learning environment students are usually supposed to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor indite skills big businessman be a disadvantage in E- learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstandings (Wong, 2007 Smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations E-learning provides 247 access. This infinite work might be a disadvantage for learners and particularly for teachers. This unlimited work could over attempt teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors. (Abdou Elmulti, 2002. Dringus, 2003 Newton, 2003 Kathawala, Schifter, 2004).Poor course design could search a major barrier in implementation of E-learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young and Bal, 2003 Smulders, 2003 Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003 Gordon, Young Bal, 2003 Svensson, 2004 Ivergard Hunt, 2005 ).Cronje (2009) sees some influe ntial barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of capital is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less gravid among their peers is considered another important barrier in successful E-learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major costs areas are considered more important barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, caution and up gradation. rail line barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. Conversion of teaching stage setting in to electronic shape could not add any regard as to E-learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997) Boondao et al. (2008) mentioned, It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the nigh teacher without taking issues of culture and context into account. The influence of culture cannot be ignored in successful implementation of E-learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during designing could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of E-learning (Boondao et al, 2008).Discussing the different critical barriersNowadays an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003). save as these companies try to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number of barriers to the implementation of E-learning come across to halt them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and can be classified as personal, organizational, situational, instructional and technolo gical. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover Khans E-learning framework provides detail on critical issues which may come across E-learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework composed of eight dimensions institutional, management, pedagogical, technological, interface design, ethical, evaluation, and resource support. sanctuaryal IssuesInstitutions need to spend a penny a complete plan for the successful implementation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23). Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant effect upon the success of E-learning process (Cronje, 2009).E-learning needs to be incorporated to all departments of the institution therefore a strong shipment is need from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions ambitions and strategic plans (Galusha, 1997 Bel anger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore E-learning implementation process is paradigm push for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004).To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process development which are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divide institution issue into three parts administrative personal business, academic affairs and student services (Khan 2005, p. 24). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E-learning system), budgeting and occur on investment, course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, nurture fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and st aff support, intellectual property rights and so on (Khan 2005, p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for E-learning effectiveness.Management issuesMagalhaes (2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barrier towards successful implementation of E-learning system in institution. Management issues of E-learning in organization refers to various phases of administration such as scheduling, design, construction, assessment, delivery, and maintenance (Romiszowski 2003 and Parkham et al, 2004). Managing issues in organizations depend upon various elements including content delivery, and technology Trentin (2003). Khan (2005) also stated that for the success of E learning system institution must focus on three key areas people, process, and products involved in E-learning projects which depends upon integrated squad approach (Jung, 2003).Critical management factors categorized by Khan (2005) are mentioned belowTechnological IssuesTechnolo gical limitations are among the major barriers for the success of E-learning system (Wong, 2007).Technological limitations of E-learning system relates to computer hardware, software and relevant resources (Wong, 2007).Connectivity problems, lack of training, navigation issues, limitations of 24/7 technical support, loss of data and incapability to save or interchange data are the most common technological limitations (Mungania, 2003). ordinarily low-spirited and medium enterprises fail to implement E-learning system due to lack of support in hardware and software (Sambrook, 2003Wong, 2007).The technological issues can be shared into three parts infrastructure planning, hardware, and software (Kearsley, 2000 Rumble, 2000).Success of E learming system in organizations depends upon infrastructure planning which includes a well documented strategy, cerebrate on infrastructure. (McGraw, 2001 Romiszowski, 2004).As E-learning environment depends on digital infrastructure, there for institutions should have consistent and well-organized networks to support E-learning (khan 2005, p.154). Moreover institutions should develop policies and guidelines to cater various issues of hardware, software, and networks as institutions involved in implementation of E-learning may suffer. (Wong, 2007, Romiszowski, 2004)Learners require basic hardware for E-learning such as desktop or notebook computers and printers (Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002Hiltz, 1997, Wong, 2007). Therefore, one of the major technological limitations of E-learning is the availability of computer hardware (wong,2007). Major hardware limitations of E-learning system is the necessity of relevant resources which includes servers, modems, microphones, wireless devices, printers, scanners, computers, networking devices, cameras storage devices and other equipments. (Wong, 2007, Khan 2005, p.159)Institution experience similar problems such as software costs as well as software support cost, particularly for software licenses which acts as a significant barrier (khan 2005, p.159). Software includes word processors, databases, e-mail, presentation programs, reader software, browsers and plug-ins, spreadsheets, learning management systems (LMS), authoring tools and enterprise software and so on (LytasPauloudi,2001 and Khan 2005, p.159-160) pedagogic IssuesSuccess of E-learning systems implementation depends on the adherence to underlay pedagogical principles that are entrenched in the E-learning (Uhomoibhi, 2006). Pedagogical issues in E-learning are major challenges in distance education therefore a strong need of resources for development of the course material arisesBarriers to Implementing an E-Learning SystemBarriers to Implementing an E-Learning SystemGeneral Introduction/BackgroundIn todays world of globalization, knowledge and learning is considered the most vital element for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For gaining competitive advantage firms and institutions are becoming more knowledge intensive, therefore they concentrate more on managing and sharing knowledge to gain significant advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional education style has remained consistent without any changes been made to the system. This has enabled a large number of creative thinkers to ponder other possible educational approaches that could benefit the system (Gnes, 2008). On the other hand, technology is necessary in order to conquer, but it is also a necessity to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, all of them have been forced to accept technology to become innovative and efficient (Gnes, 2008).Technology has not only radically changed the ways and methods of our works but is now beginning to transform the education system (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the use of internet technologies, firms and institutions have outstanding opportunities to deliver education and diffe rent training techniques through strategic use of internet technologies (Lee, 2006 Kaohsiung Taiwan, 2006). The use of Internet technologies combined with suitable learning strategies assists to provide an open, flexible and dynamic learning environment. As a result many corporations, government agencies and academic institutions worldwide have increased the use of internet and educational technologies to deliver instructions and provide training. This innovative approach of delivering information and education is known as E-learning (Khan, 2008). E-learning can be simply defined as the way of learning which delivers its contents through World Wide Web (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi defined E-learning as the term used to describe teaching and learning resources or experiences that is, in some way, delivered electronically. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Sharifabadi, 2006, p.391).E-learning is a way of interaction through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by using videos, pho tos, texts and sounds for different educational purposes (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E-learning system creates a learning opportunity for the convenience of those who do not have the opportunity to be physically available, due to various reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late 1990s and early 2000 many online universities were established and more universities were offering online courses, but mixed results of the E-learning systems were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different researches have pointed out many barriers in E-learnings implementation, which lead to its failure. For example technological infrastructure, course content quality, financial support, learners computing skills, staff training, management support and organizations culture resistance (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005).Organizations cultural resistance is considered as the most influential barrier in E-learnings implementation process. The cultures resistance or resistance from the potential users negatively affects the implementation process. Unwillingness of the employees can create major problems for the managers and can lead to the system failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of required procedures and rules could lead the system to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is ready to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this instant the managers cannot gain full benefits of the new system unless they can create a change in the employees attitude (Yates, 1997, p. 164). Cultural differences among peers could create many problems in implementation of E-learning system. Therefore, if the cultural issues are overlooked during implementation, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in E-learnings success (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008 Gujar and Sonone, 2004).Problem statementThere are different articles and books available in the market which mentioned about the use fulness and advantages of E-learning. Web-based learning is a new medium of information technology researchers have mentioned many different factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There are different factors cited by various authors which exist in their research papers that can help us to identify critical barriers. In addition, we are interested in finding out, to which extent an organization is dependent on the role of its culture, and how culture can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in organizations and are important when decision making is involved in IT management. In this regard, an organization is said to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a difficult task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E- learning, an organization should try and manage these barriers accordingly because they are critical to any organizations general business model and can equally affect the organizations decision making process.Research questionWhat are the critical barriers of implementing E-learning system and what is the role of organizational culture in successful implementation of E-learning system?Objectives and Purpose of the ResearchThe purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the critical factors which may affect the implementation of E-learning system. Investigating the barriers of implementing E-learning system would help to lower down the barriers in future implementation. Moreover by examining the cultural influence of an organization towards E-learning systems implementation process, it will be easier to identify a complete outline for organizations to implement E-Learning system and to make the system work efficiently and successfully.Thesis designThe structure of the thesis is principally focused on six chapters which includeChapter 1 Introduction/BackgroundThe Introducti on gives brief overview of the research topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and research question.Chapter 2 Research Design/MethodsThis chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.Chapter 3 Framework of referenceThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors.Chapter 4 FindingsThis chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E-learning system described by different authors.Chapter 5 AnalysisThis chapter will describe the analysis based on the findings.Chapter 6 ConclusionsThis section finally concludes the lessons drawn from the findingsResearch Design/MethodsThis chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.Choice of TopicFisher (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research area according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to complete the project. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, E-learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found out that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was quite intriguing for us to explore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system. Fisher (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is necessary to make sure that quite literature is available for making detail analysis. We are certain that our topic is enough interesting, significant and demanding for all researchers, bus inesses managers and Information Technology Management students.Research ProcessThere are various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, Fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned two kinds of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is used with conceptual framework but the authors are not sure about outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the other hand surveyors discovery approach is pre-structured where surveyors are already inform of the results and out come of their work. According to these concepts our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data.Data Collection and sourceFisher (2007, p.45) states that data could be collected from existing databases, through questionnaires, conducting fieldwork or performing case studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research entire data has been collected from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. Secondary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to E-learning implementation.Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or quantitative depending on the method of research study. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by words not figures.Access of informationSecondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by searching Mlardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we have used online library (ebrary) as well as other librarys database such as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which have helped u s to answer our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty five articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to Implementation of E-learning system, keyword search criteria based on title contained Barriers of E-learning system implementation, Implications of E-learning system in organizations, Implementation of E-learning system in large organization, Challenges of E-learning Implementation, Limitations of E-learning System,To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criteria contained Cultural issues of E-leaning system, Cultural Influence on online Learning, Cultural influence on student learning, Analyzing cultural Influences on E-learning Transactional Issue, Cultural difference and influence on E-learning, Social and cultural impact on E-learning Effectiveness, A cultural Analysis of re learning for developed and developing countries, Cross and Multicultural issues for E-learning success, Influence of organizational cultural in E-learning, Organizational resistance towards implementing E-learning system.Data AnalysisAccording to Miles and Huberman (1994, p.10) data analysis consists of three parallel flows of activity (1) Data reduction, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/verification. Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be successfully integrated during data analysis, as it is an iterative and continuous process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They have stated three components of activities that describe analysis which are First is data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and transformation of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The objective of this is data is to help drawing final conclusion and verification.In this study data is taken from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction needs to be organized that help to draw conclusion easily. In table mentioned below, different factors related to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below along with the frequency of each factor. Third is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to signify the influential role of organizations culture towards the implementation process.Validity and ReliabilityValidity is defined as the degree which researchers have measured what they have set out to measure (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means the extent to which another researcher can reach the same conclusion by following the same research process (Taylor et al., 2006).Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E-learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more influential barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process.Method CritiqueDue to the time limitation, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be better to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will describe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was also discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with diverse definitions.Framework of ReferenceThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of t he barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors.E-learningWhat is E-learning?E-learning can be defined as learning and communication exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 Schank, 2002 Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002 Sambrook, 2003 Fry Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as delivery of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.According to Khan (2008), the word E-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diverse E-learning environment. E-learning can be analyzed as an inventive approach for delivering learner-centered, well designed, interactive, and facilitated learning environment to anyplace, anyone, anytime by utilizing the features and resources of different digital technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open, distributed, and flexible learning environment (Khan, 2008).In E-learning system Students a re able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, video and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even communicate with teachers and classmates both individually and as a group discussion with the use of message boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad, 2008 Andersson, 2009 Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system using different carrying technologies and techniques like Computer Based Training (CBT), Internet-based training (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), distance learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008).For managing learning environment like, registration of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing le arners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Brown, 2006).In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming popular and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the rise of World Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic black boards.These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to students who live very far from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not being able to attend in person. In the US in the academic year 2001-2, five million people took at least one course online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has become a popular alternative to face-to-face instruction.Implementation of E-learningOne of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the E-learning system To strengthen the traditional face-to-face courses with support of new communication technology, enhancement of experience with in traditional courses by integration of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of some influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, human resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude of the end users) are most common.Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions must use and prepare strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get support from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, designing, development and evaluation are all parts of a successful implementati on that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation (Uhomoibhi, 2006). An E-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all stakeholders e.g. instructors, learners support services staff and the institutions itself.In order for learners to become quickly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a sense of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. Technical support staff should feel happy when learners receive reliable services without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005).A strong foundation is required in order to have an effective implementation of E-learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in impleme ntation of E-learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very important(Khan, 2005). Communication is also important for those who are directly responsible for the implementation and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, functional and divisional leaders. There should be consistent scheduled meetings with these individuals to discuss the newly arising issues in the project to come up with a solution (Khan, 2005). Most of the pitfalls of E-learning are tied to technological issues so it is important to involve IT leadership throughout the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for reporting of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an outstanding and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary step for a successful implementation (Khan, 2005).An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementationWorldwide, E-learning arises as a new paradigm of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5 percent in the market, but still failures exist (Sun et al., 2008). As many companies are moving very fast to the adoption of E-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure (Mungania, 2003). Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that encompass different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). Literature has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of E-learning e.g. some talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues while some may have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and some other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of E-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to characterize collective group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers Wong (2007). Distinct authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of E-learning Wong (2007).Wong (2007) has categorized E-learning limitations in three main areas technological limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The lack of hardware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of E- learning (Hiltz, 1997 Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002 Wong, 2007). Kember et al., 2001 Dearnley, 2003) stated that personal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers shoul d give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to prepare new learners psychologically (Wong, 2007 Kember et al., 2001 Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a disadvantage or barrier in E- learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to E-learning because learners could get frustrated from this unconventional learning environment. (Wong, 2007 Carr, 1999 Hamid, 2002 Angelina, 2002a, p.12)The freedom provided by E-learning could be a disadvantage for the learners as internal motivation and self discipline is required at its maximum which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003 Rivera and Rice, 2002 Abouchedid and Eid, 2004).In E-learning environment students are usually supposed to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing skills might be a disa dvantage in E- learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstandings (Wong, 2007 Smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations E-learning provides 247 access. This infinite work might be a disadvantage for learners and particularly for teachers. This unlimited work could over stress teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors. (Abdou Elmulti, 2002. Dringus, 2003 Newton, 2003 Kathawala, Schifter, 2004).Poor course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of E-learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young and Bal, 2003 Smulders, 2003 Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003 Gordon, Young Bal, 2003 Svensson, 2004 Ivergard Hunt, 2005 ).Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of funds is the most important one . Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less prominent among their peers is considered another important barrier in successful E-learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major costs areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, maintenance and up gradation.Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. Conversion of teaching context in to electronic shape could not add any value to E-learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997) Boondao et al. (2008) mentioned, It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without taking issues of culture and context into account. The influence of culture cannot be ignored in successful implementation of E-learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during designing could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of E-learning (Boondao et al, 2008).Discussing the different critical barriersNowadays an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003). But as these companies try to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number of barriers to the implementation of E-learning come across to halt them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and can be classified as personal, organizational, situational, instructional and technological. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover Khans E-learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come across E-learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework composed of eight dimensions institutional, management, pedagogical, technolo gical, interface design, ethical, evaluation, and resource support.Institutional IssuesInstitutions need to build a complete plan for the successful implementation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23). Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant effect upon the success of E-learning process (Cronje, 2009).E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution therefore a strong commitment is needed from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions ambitions and strategic plans (Galusha, 1997 Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore E-learning implementation process is paradigm shift for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004).To support institutions in str ategic planning, change management and process development which are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative affairs, academic affairs and student services (Khan 2005, p. 24). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E-learning system), budgeting and return on investment, course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, intellectual property rights and so on (Khan 2005, p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for E-learning effectiveness.Management issuesMagalhaes (2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barrier towards successful implementation of E-learning system in institution. Management issues of E-learning in organization refers to various phases of administration such as scheduling, design, construction, assessment, delivery, and maintenance (Romiszowski 2003 and Parkham et al, 2004). Managing issues in organizations depend upon various elements including content delivery, and technology Trentin (2003). Khan (2005) also stated that for the success of E learning system institution must focus on three key areas people, process, and products involved in E-learning projects which depends upon integrated team approach (Jung, 2003).Critical management factors categorized by Khan (2005) are mentioned belowTechnological IssuesTechnological limitations are among the major barriers for the success of E-learning system (Wong, 2007).Technological limitations of E-learning system relates to computer hardware, software and relevant resources (Wong, 2007).Connectivity problems, lack of training, navigation issues, limitations of 24/7 technical support, loss of data and incapability to save or transfer data are the most common technological limitations (Mungania, 2003). Usually small and medium enterprises fail to implement E-learning system due to lack of support in hardware and software (Sambrook, 2003Wong, 2007).The technological issues can be divided into three parts infrastructure planning, hardware, and software (Kearsley, 2000 Rumble, 2000).Success of E learming system in organizations depends upon infrastructure planning which includes a well documented strategy, focusing on infrastructure. (McGraw, 2001 Romiszowski, 2004).As E-learning environment depends on digital infrastructure, there for institutions should have consistent and well-organized networks to support E-learning (khan 2005, p.154). Moreover institutions should develop policies and guidelines to cater various issues of hardware, software, and networks as institutions involved in implementation of E-learning may suffer. (W ong, 2007, Romiszowski, 2004)Learners require basic hardware for E-learning such as desktop or notebook computers and printers (Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002Hiltz, 1997, Wong, 2007). Therefore, one of the major technological limitations of E-learning is the availability of computer hardware (wong,2007). Major hardware limitations of E-learning system is the necessity of relevant resources which includes servers, modems, microphones, wireless devices, printers, scanners, computers, networking devices, cameras storage devices and other equipments. (Wong, 2007, Khan 2005, p.159)Institution experience similar problems such as software costs as well as software support cost, particularly for software licenses which acts as a significant barrier (khan 2005, p.159). Software includes word processors, databases, e-mail, presentation programs, reader software, browsers and plug-ins, spreadsheets, learning management systems (LMS), authoring tools and enterprise software and so on (LytasPau loudi,2001 and Khan 2005, p.159-160)Pedagogical IssuesSuccess of E-learning systems implementation depends on the adherence to underlay pedagogical principles that are entrenched in the E-learning (Uhomoibhi, 2006). Pedagogical issues in E-learning are major challenges in distance education therefore a strong need of resources for development of the course material arises