Save the Last Dance Essay -- Art

Save the die hard DanceThis word picture was off the hook First of all, these are the type of movies that should be known to mankind. Save the Last Dance, is a blend of love and romance with a little piece of hate crimes, racism, and of course most definitely violence. Well to tell you the truth, most of the hatful dont like love and romance. Save the Last Dance is a nice blending of a little piece of everything so it plenty entertain the people with different likes and dislikes. Even the people who dont like these types of movies would be interested in the movie Save the Last Dance. The hold of the movie can leave the viewer in suspense. Just think of it as a phrase, Save the Last Dance. The theme of this movie is plain and simple. Sarah is assay to peruse her dream, which is to try to get accepted into Julliard. She kept on trying and trying until the end. She finally impressed the judges and made him say Welcome to Julliard. The movie is basically trying to tell you that you should never give up, no matter how hard you try. If at first you dont succeed at what you desire to do, try try again. If you give up, then you should look in the mirror and say I am a quitter. The characters of this movie are Derrick Reynald (Chenniles brother), Chennile Reynald (Derricks sister), Niki (Chenniles friend), Malachi (Derricks homeboy), Roy (Sarahs dad), Momma D (Derrick and Chenniles grandmother), Kenny (Chiles boyfriend), Snookie (a wannabe thug), and last but definitely...

Comparing The Marble Faun Sartoris, The Sound and the Fury, Soldier’s Pay :: comparison compare contrast essays

William Faulkner - The Marble Faun Sartoris, The Sound and the Fury, Soldiers Pay William Faulkner, originally spelt Falkner, was born on September 25 1897 in New Albany, Mississippi. The inauguralborn of four sons of a middle class family, William grew up the in the South and enjoyed the luxuries of life in a rural area. Faulkner never finished high teach he left in 1915 after he got a broken nose playing football. Over the next few stratums Faulkner worked at sundry(a) jobs while beginning his writing career. Originally he worked with verse and had his writings published in smallscale journals and papers. In April of 1918, he enrolled in the British Royal Air Force but never made it into combat as the war ended before he finished training. The following year he enrolled in classes at the tin University of Mississippi. In 1924, Faulkner published The Marble Faun, a verse-sequence and continued to write his short stories. It was not until 1926 that he published his first m ajor novel, Soldiers Pay, in which lie depicted life of a soldier after returning from war In l929 Faulkner created the imaginary contribute of Jefferson and Yoknapatawpha County in Sartoris it is these counties that are the setting for most of his following novels. In 1929 he married Estelle Oldhain and within a year he bought Rowan Oak, where lie exhausted most of his time in the following years. In October of that year The Sound and the Fury was published and proceeded to gain Faulkner a lot of recognition. It was a different court to fiction in that it provided a look at a story from four very separate viewpoints. Each of Faulkners novels offers a little play of enlightenment on the subject that they pertain to. Often they are stylistically enterprising, as well as the subject matter being of great involution Absalom Absalom contrasts viewpoints from which the story is told as it depicts the life of a troubled. Southern family. The Wild Palms is another example of Faulkne rs creativity. The story is told from two distinctly contradicting points of view. In 1942 Faulkner again shock the literary world with his graphic depiction of racial, specifically black versus white, interactions on a Southern plantation. Many thought that Faulkner had under taken the labor movement of historically representing the south during this era.

Task One Automated Teller Machines :: Computer Science

delegate One Automated Teller Machines1. See diagram over page for Input and output devicesThis salmagundi of interface is an synergistic interface with buttons. Ithink this would be improved considerably and the ways that I thinkwill be improved by more protective covering on the political machines. I think they willhave devices like retina s contributes, voice activation and thumbprints. Atthe moment the only security is PINS and cards but they do-nothing be stolenand I think they will improve the security more.2. The process for a customer obtaining cash is called transactionprocessing in real time.This kind of processing is called transaction processing. If the cashwithdrawal is required, the customer enters the amount they want fromthe machine. This is then checked against the balance of the accountand if funds are available of the account, the machine dispensesmoney. Also at the same the amount from the account is subtracted fromthe balance on the customers record on the bank computer. When itsfinished the card releases back the card to the customer.IMAGEOther work are available are withdrawal of cash, orderingof statements, requests for new chequebooks and obtaining the balanceof the account.AdvantagesDisadvantagesTo the lodgeEmploys fewer peopleHigh level of security neededIt is cheaper than paid staffHackers could break into the machinesLess need to build banks and money could be used elsewhereEmployees loose their jobs.To the customerIt is fast.Credit cards could be stolenIt can be accessed anytimeThe magnetic strips can be damaged by the ATMThey can get it anywhereThe card has to be replaced from time to time3. Bank cards, credit and debit cardsDiagram front and backPIN stands for Personal Identification Number, it acts like apassword, and the user enters it to the ATM keypad to ramble that theyare the account holder. The PIN helps to reduce fraud.The information stored on the magnetic strip is account numbers, banksort code, system number, cheque digitTask two - Cheque clearingThere are three sets of numbers printed along the bottom of the chequeusing magnetic ink and machines can mechanically read these numbers.MICR stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, it works byinputting special ink onto cheques and the ink then is magnetised. Thelimits are that very few characters could be recognise but it can beread quite fast. The special ink then is recognised by using a processcalled MICR. Its used on cheques because it has high security and ifthe special has been tampered on, the computer can still read the dataon the special magnetised ink.The cheque clearing process is called dealings Processing it

Public Education Essay -- A Level Essays

Public Education Education is an issue that touches everyones lives in one flair or another. Whether you are a parent, student, teacher, taxpayer, or employee, the effects of grooming on society piece of tail be seen everyday. For this reason, humans schools are a top disquiet among political leaders. Over the past twenty-five years, confidence in the nations public school system has dramatically declined. maculation the public for the about part seems to support their school district, criticism is not lacking. Recent years e specificly have shown dissipating support. It appears that the prevailing view is that public education, as a whole, is in bad condition and is in demand of a renewed effort to fix it. Private schools seem to fare better opinions than public schools in essential areas such as safety, order, academic standards, and class size. Todays Congress is looking for the correct answer to a very divers(prenominal) and complex problem . In 2001, Congress approved President Bushs education reform measuring, otherwise known as the No Child unexpended Behind Act. This bill acts to provide local districts with increased flexibility in spending federal aid. It also requires annual standardized math and reading tests. umpteen of the issues addressed inside the bill follow conservative ideology. However, the bill was a collaborative effort, between both democrats and republicans, to try to deal with Americas education problems in the around effective way possible. We will continue to discuss the major significant points of this legislation later on. Currently, Congress has turned its attention to special education. While the schedule is good because it helps the children in need, critics argue that it provides... ...a moderate may believe that the answer to Americas educational system lies within the need to raise educational standards and increase school funding. Because the No Child Left Beh ind Act was a compromise between Liberals and Conservatives, it is likely that most Moderates would suss out with most of the ideas punctuate out in the bill. However, being that there is no set model for the moderate perspective on education, a moderate can disagree on any number of resolutions within the act. Sources Citedwww.publicagenda.com http//www.ed.gov/nclb/landing.jhtml http//www.house.gov/georgemiller/rel5200.html http//www.senate.gov/feinstein/releases01/education_reform.html http//www.cato.org/dailys/01-11-02.html http//www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/02/03/bush.budget/index.html http//www.house.gov/budget_democrats/news/bush_ed_june1003.htm Public Education Essay -- A Level EssaysPublic Education Education is an issue that touches everyones lives in one way or another. Whether you are a parent, student, teacher, taxpayer, or employee, the effects of education on society can be seen everyday. For this reason, public schools are a top conc ern among political leaders. Over the past twenty-five years, confidence in the nations public school system has dramatically declined. While the public for the most part seems to support their school district, criticism is not lacking. Recent years especially have shown dissipating support. It appears that the prevailing view is that public education, as a whole, is in bad condition and is in need of a renewed effort to fix it. Private schools seem to fare better opinions than public schools in important areas such as safety, order, academic standards, and class size. Todays Congress is looking for the correct answer to a very diverse and complex problem. In 2001, Congress approved President Bushs education reform bill, otherwise known as the No Child Left Behind Act. This bill acts to provide local districts with increased flexibility in spending federal aid. It also requires annual standardized math and reading tests. Many of the issues addressed within the b ill follow conservative ideology. However, the bill was a collaborative effort, between both democrats and republicans, to try to deal with Americas education problems in the most effective way possible. We will continue to discuss the major significant points of this legislation later on. Currently, Congress has turned its attention to special education. While the program is good because it helps the children in need, critics argue that it provides... ...a moderate may believe that the answer to Americas educational system lies within the need to raise educational standards and increase school funding. Because the No Child Left Behind Act was a compromise between Liberals and Conservatives, it is likely that most Moderates would agree with most of the ideas set out in the bill. However, being that there is no set model for the moderate perspective on education, a moderate can disagree on any number of resolutions within the act. Sources Citedwww.publicagenda.co m http//www.ed.gov/nclb/landing.jhtml http//www.house.gov/georgemiller/rel5200.html http//www.senate.gov/feinstein/releases01/education_reform.html http//www.cato.org/dailys/01-11-02.html http//www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/02/03/bush.budget/index.html http//www.house.gov/budget_democrats/news/bush_ed_june1003.htm

Turkish Economy Essay examples -- essays research papers

Turkish Economy - Structure and GrwothAt the time of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire during demesne War I, the Turkish economy was chthoniandeveloped agriculture depended on outmoded techniques and poor-quality livestock, and the few factories producing basic products such as sugar and flour were under hostile control. Between 1923 and 1985, the economy grew at an average annual rate of 6 pct. In large part as a result of government policies, a backward economy developed into a complex economic system producing a wide range of uncouth, industrial, and service products for both domestic and export markets. frugal DevelopmentAt the birth of the republic, Turkeys industrial base was weak because Ottoman industries had been undermined by the capitulations. World War I and the War of Independence (1919-22) also had extensively disrupted the Turkish economy. The loss of Ottoman territories, for example, cut off Anatolia from traditional markets. Agricultural output--the source of i ncome for most of the population--had dropped sharply as peasants went to war. Even the production of wheat, Turkeys main(prenominal) crop, was insufficient to meet domestic demand. In addition, massacres and the emigration of Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, who had dominated urban economic life, caused a shortage of skilled laborers and entrepreneurs.Turkeys economy recovered remarkably erstwhile hostilities ceased. From 1923 to 1926, agricultural output rose by 87 percent, as agricultural production returned to prewar levels. Industry and services grew at more than 9 percent per year from 1923 to 1929 however, their share of the economy remained quite low at the end of the decade. By 1930, as a result of the world depression, external markets for Turkish agricultural exports had collapsed, causing a sharp decline in national income. The government stepped in during the early 1930s to promote economic recovery, following a school of thought known as etatism (see Glossary). Growth s lowed during the worst years of the depression but between 1935 and 1939 reached 6 percent per year. During the 1940s, the economy stagnated, in large part because maintaining fortify neutrality during World War II increased the countrys military expenditures while almost entirely curtailing foreign trade.After 1950 the country suffered economic disruptions about once a decade the most serious crisis occurred in the late... ...h.Structure of the EconomyIn the years after World War II, the economy became capable of supplying a much broader range of goods and services. By 1994 the industrial sector accounted for just under 40 percent of GDP, having surpassed agriculture (including forestry and fishing), which contributed about 16 percent of production. The fast shift in industrys relative importance resulted from government policies in effect since the 1930s favoring industrialization (see fig. 8). In the early 1990s, the government aimed at continued increases in industrys share of the economy, especially by means of export promotion.Services increased from a small fraction of the economy in the 1920s to just under half of GDP by 1994. Several factors accounted for the growth of the services sector. Government--already sizable under the Ottomans--expanded as defense expenditures rose health, education, and welfare programs were implemented and the government take on force was increased to staff the numerous new public organizations. Trade, tourism, transportation, and financial services also became more important as the economy developed and diversified. ________________________________________

Turkish Economy Essay examples -- essays research papers

Turkish Economy - Structure and GrwothAt the time of the collapse of the powderpuff Empire during World War I, the Turkish economy was underdeveloped agriculture depended on outmoded techniques and poor-quality livestock, and the few factories producing basic products such as sugar and flour were under foreign control. Between 1923 and 1985, the economy grew at an sightly annual rate of 6 percent. In large part as a result of government policies, a backward economy developed into a complex economic system producing a wide range of agricultural, industrial, and service products for both domestic and export markets.Economic DevelopmentAt the birth of the republic, Turkeys industrial base was weak because Ottoman industries had been undermined by the capitulations. World War I and the War of Independence (1919-22) also had extensively disrupted the Turkish economy. The loss of Ottoman territories, for example, cut off Anatolia from traditional markets. Agricultural output--the sourc e of income for most of the population--had dropped sharply as peasants went to war. Even the production of wheat, Turkeys main crop, was insufficient to meet domestic demand. In addition, massacres and the emigration of Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, who had dominated urban economic life, caused a shortage of skilled laborers and entrepreneurs.Turkeys economy recovered remarkably once hostilities ceased. From 1923 to 1926, agricultural output rose by 87 percent, as agricultural production returned to prewar levels. Industry and services grew at more than 9 percent per year from 1923 to 1929 however, their share of the economy remained instead low at the end of the decade. By 1930, as a result of the world depression, external markets for Turkish agricultural exports had collapsed, causing a sharp nightfall in national income. The government stepped in during the early 1930s to promote economic recovery, following a doctrine known as etatism (see Glossary). Growth slowed during the welt years of the depression but between 1935 and 1939 reached 6 percent per year. During the 1940s, the economy stagnated, in large part because maintaining armed neutrality during World War II increased the countrys military expenditures while almost entirely curtailing foreign trade.After 1950 the country suffered economic disruptions about once a decade the most grave crisis occurred in the late... ...h.Structure of the EconomyIn the years after World War II, the economy became capable of supplying a much broader range of goods and services. By 1994 the industrial sector accounted for just under 40 percent of GDP, having surpassed agriculture (including forestry and fishing), which contributed about 16 percent of production. The rapid shift in industrys relative impressiveness resulted from government policies in effect since the 1930s favoring industrialization (see fig. 8). In the early 1990s, the government aimed at continued increases in industrys share of the economy, e specially by heart and soul of export promotion.Services increased from a small fraction of the economy in the 1920s to just under half of GDP by 1994. some(prenominal) factors accounted for the growth of the services sector. Government--already sizable under the Ottomans--expanded as defense expenditures rose health, education, and welfare programs were implemented and the government work force was increased to staff the numerous new public organizations. Trade, tourism, transportation, and financial services also became more important as the economy developed and diversified. ________________________________________

One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest

The l one and only(a)(prenominal) constant is change. It is inevitable that every(prenominal) person by means of and by dint of issue their life forget transmute in some wayfor good or for bad. Changing for the better usu on the wholey starts with a egoistic, egotistic person who is trying to be less arouse in him/herself, and more interested in others. In the novel bingle Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey, this type of sack is easily recognized. When we quit thinking primarily ab expose ourselves and our own self-preservation, we undergo a truly heroic transformation of assurednessJoseph Campbell. McMurphy parellels the previous quote by Joseph Campbell, and by examining his actions and relationships, the reader is able to think that he is transformed from an originally selfish man into a self-less hero. Randal Patrick McMurphy is introduced as an extremely selfish man who entrust do allthing to benefit his own personal gain. This is evidently displayed through t he description of his past actions, and also through the way he treats the other patient roles on the fightd. move by self-interest throughout his life, McMurphys past enkindle not only be labeled as that of a deplorable, but of an egotistical criminal who entirely disregards the feelings of others repeatedly. McMurry, Randle Patrick. Committed by the state from Pend permiton Farm for Correction. For diagnosis and possible word. Thirty-five years old. Never married. Distinguished Service Cross in Korea, for leash an escape from a Communist prison camp. A dishonorable discharge, afterward, for insubordination.Followed by a history of street b unsandedls and barroom fights and a series of arrests for Drunkenness, Assault and bombing, impress the Peace, repeated gambling, and maven arrestfor Rape. (Kesey 44) The charges that Randall proudly displays while he is introducing himself manifests that his character is irresponsible on account of his behaviour for Drunkenness, viole nt immortalisen through Assault and Battery charges, and deranged which is evident in his arrest for Rape. Each of these characteristics that make up his criminal personality can be associated with that of an extremely selfish and negligent man.Furthermore, McMurphy displays his mercenariness when it comes to his insistent gambling. Not only was McMurphy charged for this in the past, but his disregard for the rules and his lack of sensitivity for the well being of others allow him to continue to gamble with the patients in the surgery asylum. McMurphy is constantly hassling the patients to gamble with him on subjects such as poker, the Chief lifting the tick panel, and McMurphy driving boastful suck up lunaticwith the knowledge that he is going to win. umpteen of the patients in the ward are in debt because of McMurphy. How much did you lose, Bruce? Mr. Sefelt? Mr. Scanlon? I think you all bemuse some idea what your personal losses were, but do you know what his total winning s came to, according to deposits he has made at Funds? Almost three hundred dollars. (222) Treating his fellow patients like this and disregarding the consequences that they will face due to his gambling, McMurphy shows the reader that he is only on that point to benefit himself.The once selfish personality that McMurphy heavily displays in the comwork forcecement of the novel is starting to undergo change. The fishing trip that McMurphy plans for the patients is a distinct make upt where the reader is able to see a transformation because he shows characteristics of his selfish side, but also of his new self-less personality. Before going on the fishing trip, McMurphy cheated the other patients by charging them similarly much money. Seventy dollars? So? I thought you told the patients youd need to collect a hundred dollars plus ten of your own to finance the trip Mr.McMurphy. (197) Big Nurse questions McMurphy until it is all obvious that he was making money off of taking the patients on this trip. Contrasted to this act however, while on the boat McMurphy helps each of the men to act for, and manoeuvre out up for themselves. He teaches them to laugh, fish, and act like a man even though they have been suppressed from their king to do so with Big Nurse. They could palpate a change that most of us were only suspecting these werent the same bunch of weak-knees from a nuthouse that theyd watched take their insults on the dock this morning. (215) McMurphy trim aside his time to help these men because he could tell they needed to learn for themselvesit was only then that they would be able to stick up to Big Nurse. He is becoming more and more aware of the responsibility he has on teaching and leading the men. Another event where both sides of Macks (McMurphys) personalities are displayed is through the simple action that he takes by rest up to the Nurse. Cheswick takes great pride in McMurphys actions and starts to follow them. However, when McMurphy finds out he is committed, he slayly disregards the importance of his status, nd stops helping Cheswick who commits suicide right after he says I do wish something mighta been done though.. (151) After this incident, McMurphys malcontent nature goes from self-interest to devotion of helping the other inmates, and he enshrines himself in being an example for them so that nobody ever gets hurt like Cheswick did. at one time McMurphy realizes how important the originator and responsibility that he has put on himself is, the transformation from a self-interested criminal into a respected hero was complete.He dedicates his time, and well-being to helper the others patients who could not do so for themselves. McMurphy was their hero. In the showers one day, Georgea germophobewas having a tough time with the black boys and could not defend himself. In seeing this, McMurphy stepped in I said thats enough, buddy (229) McMurphy repeatedly argued, and fought with the boys until he was tak en away by aides of the Disturbed ward. The punishment Electroshock Therapy. In this situation, McMurphy was not previously aware of the consequences, but still gave himself to helping another.Following this incident, McMurphy is well aware of the consequences he would facebut still made a conscious decision to do all that he is able to for his friends. A hero is considered to be a man noted for nobility and courage especially one who has risked his life. McMurphy is a hero a martyr a figure of Christ. After Billy had slit his throat due to the tyrannous ability of the Nurse, McMurphy attacked her. Knowing plentiful well that this action would result in a lobotomy, he did it anyways for Billy and the others on the ward.Even though he sacrificed his own life, he stood against oppressive powers and displayed to the others his prowess and loyalty. We couldnt stop him because we were the ones making him do it. It wasnt the keep back that was forcing him, it was our need that was mak ing him push himself It was us that had been making him go on for weeks, keeping him standing long after his feet and legs had given out, weeks of making him wink and grin and laugh and go on with his act long after his humour had been parched alter between two electrodes. (267) Easily compared to Christ, McMurphy acted as a saviour and saint to his fellow men. His death was dignified, and it was for other people. A truly heroic transformation was perfect throughout McMurphys commitance at the Oregon State Asylum. He started out as a self-involved criminal who was treating the fellow patients poorly, and slowly became more herioc as he showed signs of helping the men, mixed with his old selfish ways. Ending off, Randal P. By examining his actions and relationships, McMurphy is finally seend as a man who sacrificed himself for a greater cause he evolved into a hero. one(a) Flew over the Cuckoos NestKen Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest is a guiltless American novel that is fil led with correlating events that portray women as monsters through misogynistic actions and language. Throughout time, society advocated that man was the dominate role that was in charge in more or less every aspect, while women stayed at home and were inferior figures. However, One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest shows how society acts misogynistic, or shows abomination towards women, when there is a reversal of these stereotypical gender roles women are instantly depicted as monsters and uniformly marvellous.McMurphys actions in the ward, Kesey establishing women as over-oppressive, and women being depicted as wonderful figures all illustrate how society acts misogynistic when there is a reversal in the roles of men and women. The man figure thrives off being dominant and in control, and when that power is threatened or not in place, male figures instantly bash the women society. McMurphys actions towards the nurse, such as disrespecting the nurse, indicate misogynistic qualities as it signifies women do not deserve respect.When McMurphy is enrolled in the infirmary, Nurse Ratched has a set of rules set frontwards that everyone is to comply to so they can become healthy. However, McMurphy being the misogynistic character that he is, starts a war between the nurse and himself as he finds the rules overbearing. McMurphy then shows a hatred of women as he disrespects the nurse and fails to comply to the rules she set in place. He begins by being loud and obnoxious and disrupting the peace in the ward, and when the nurse asks him to quiet down he only becomes more difficult by showing his unsanded body.The nurse goes to confront him about being loud and McMurphy steps out of the latrine door right in front of her holding that towel around his hips (86). The nurse states that he cannot run around the ward revealing his body, but only laughs in her face and gets a kick out of her being uncomfortable. By wanting(p) the wherewithal to comply to such simple rules that were established by the women work force reveals a sense of misogynism in the novel.He is not only disrespecting and establishing his hatred for the nurse and the women in the hospital, he is teaching the other patients that it is okay to have a hate for women. When McMurphy is forced to attend the meetings that are meant to help each patient get problems off their chest, he states that shes a bitch and a buzzard and a ball cutter (54) for bringing up Hardings issues with his wife. Nurse Ratched sees that the issues that Harding experiences with is wife are part of the reason why he is wrapped up in a mental ward, and McMurphy only uses misogynistic language to describe the nurse.McMurphy continues to show his misogynistic characteristics has he disobeys the rules of the ward at a higher level he physically harms another patient. When McMurphy is trying to be restrained for fighting he only drove a fist square in the center of the white, starched chest (237) of the aide that w orked for the nurse. The fight in the shower only set ahead signifies the hatred of women that McMurphy had. He decided to disrupt the peace in the ward and not only make the life difficult for the nurse but difficult for her workers.Kesey strengths the idea of misogyny as he establishes the nurse and other female characters, such as the nurse, as over-oppressive figures who emasculate the male characters. The purpose of the ward is to enable patients to receive treatment that will help them get better so they can function in society. However, Kesey implies that women are merely characters who are detrimental to the males as they castrate them. For instance, Chief Bromdens mother is portrayed as this overbearing character who turned his father into a weak alcoholic from a forged strong chief.The chiefs father was a big man and married a women from Dallas, and he signifies that the emasculating began as his mother made them take on her last name, Bromden. The Chief proceeds to port ray his mother as an emasculator as he states, my mother made him to little to fight any more and he gave up when the government was trying to take away his tribe and land (188). Thus, a sense of hatred is brought forth as the Chief is stating that women will turn you form a big, strong man into a weak alcoholic, just as his mother did to his father.Similarly, Billy Bibbits mother will not let him develop sexually and treats him as an infant to be watched over by the nurse. When Billy goes and has sex with Candy, the prostitute, he gains this sense of manhood and dominance. However, the nurse is portrayed as an emasculator as she threatens to tell Billys mother that he has had sex ultimately taking away the manhood he briefly gained. The nurse states, Mrs. Bibbits always been so proud of your decision.I know she has. This is going to disturb her terribly. You know how she is when she gets disturbed, Billy you know how ill the poor women can become (271). excite of loosing his mothe rs love Billys voice scraped the white, bare walls of the seclusion room and he lifted his chin so he was shouting at the moon of light in the ceiling (271). After Billy commits suicide over the situation, and everyone suggests that the nurse is the reason Billy killed himself.Thus, the idea of misogyny is further noticeable in the text as Kesey is applying that women are these over bearing individuals that strip men of their manhood. Within in the novel, Kesey illustrates the demeanor of the women character as rattling(a) and almost monster like. This creates a misogynistic undertone within the text as women are not being portrayed as a nurturing figure, they are these wondrous people that the men are afraid of. Right away the image of the nurse is depicted as this huge monster like an image that punishes for any wrong doing.In the beginning of the novel the aides of the nurse are slacking from their job, and as the nurse sees them mumbling together in a sort Chief Bromden indic ates that she is going to tear the black bastards limb from limb and that she blows up bigger and bigger, as big as a tractor (5). The nurse is being portrayed as this beast like figure that takes on this hideous form whenever she is unhappy with people and their actions. Fundamentally, there is a misogynistic setting being set forth as the Chief is indicating that a women in power, such as the nurse, takes on these hideous qualities.Rather then being depicted as upset or annoyed with the aides, any nurturing and loving qualities are instantly stripped as she is described as a creature. In a sense women being terrifying figures is further evident as Harding, a patient in the ward, proclaims, We are victims or matriarchy here, my friend, and that doctor is just as helpless as we are. He knows all Ratched has to do is pick up that phone you see sitting at her elbow and call the supervisor and mention, oh, say, that the doctor seems to be making a great number of requisitions for Demer ol (56).Ultimately the Nurse is being portrayed as this terrifying figure that must be obeyed, and when disobeyed she can have it so you are addicted to the strongest drugs possible. A misogynistic undertone is being established as it is evident that Kesey is attempting to insinuate that women in the text are centralized on having complete and utter control rather then on helping patients get better. Another character that underlings the misogynic undertone in the novel is Billy Bibbits mother she is a terrifying figure in the eyes of Billy.Billy has dreams of going to college and looking for a wife, however, when he brings these topics up with his mother she only tickled him with the float and laughed at such foolishness (254). Thus, women are being presented as these terrifying figures that will not let you escape from their grasp. They want to have complete control so they can always establish the rules. Society is based of the status quo of men and women men love being in contr ol over the women and dictating the rules of a society.However, when a women seizes power in a particular culture there can be a sense of misogyny that is established. Such examples of McMurphys dotty actions in the ward, Kesey establishing women as controlling figure, and women being noted as feared all underline misogynistic qualities that a society takes on when males are upset with a women in power. These qualities all are detrimental to the women society they are not being illustrated as caring and loving, they are presented as people who create a try for everyone else.Just as the society of the mental ward has a hatred for Nurse Ratched, they take on these qualities in attempt to force her to egress, so they can be set free from her grasp. They want a new leader for the ward and by being misogynistic they believe that it will cause the nurse to leave as no one wants to live hated in a society. Furthermore, the ward acts with misogyny as they strive to tire the nurse out fro m all the stress being created so that she will eventually break down and give up her position.One Flew over the Cuckoos NestOne flew Over the Cuckoos Nest is a tale of rebellion against the obvious authority cloaked within the walls of an insane asylum and redemption through it. The setting is one played out umpteen times in the beginning in various hero stories. A man enters a foreign place, meets laden indigenous people, decides to help them see the light, and gives his life for the greater good. In this case the protagonist is not the narrator, but rather McMurphy, a con-man and gambler who fixes his way out of hard labor and into a seemingly cushy hospital setting. Little does he realize he just signed his freedom away to Gestapo svelte as nurses.From the moment he steps into the hospital his freedom is questioned. The nurses acting as dictators, especially Nurse Ratched, try to take complete control of every patient, of every aspect, and the more one struggles the harder th eir life becomes. For McMurphy what is a challenge to established sanction in the beginning, becomes a fight for the freedom of all patients in the end. The power of the nurses dictatorship runs in three themes throughout the book false diagnoses of illness, women emasculating men, and social destruction of natural impulses and drives.The emasculation of men is a theme found through out the entire novel. Not only are the men weakened through embarrassment, but also destroyed through castration. Seeing the men poised for their talks with the nurses was just one of the many ways the men were destroyed emotionally. Bromden himself commented on this torture of patience which in a sense took their balls.The struggle there is not against just one woman but an entire system. A matriarchy set up with easily controllable subordinates to Ratched and watchdogs who are the men spacious of anger working underneath her. This power struggle is not an unknown phenomenon to the men there as most of the patients have had controlling women in their lives before. One great example of this is the mother of the narrator who is a woman that took control just as the women of the hospital. Bromdens mother turned his father into an alcoholic weakling and even made him take her last name further weakening the chief.Another example came later in the novel when McMurphy commissioned a prostitute to calmness with Billy. This form of therapy did seem to help him recover, however Nurse Ratched threatened to tell his mother because of which he committed suicide. This idea of suicide was not the only one as another of the patients castrated himself and others commented that all a man had to do was wait a bit.Moving further into the oppression of men we step into the realms of the destruction of impulse. The novel makes a strong distinction between the natural and the mechanized. Bromden, being a man of the land and the son of a Native American chief, is the cast of nature trapped within social confines. He is born free as he hunts with his father as a child until the government buys out the land and so starts his battle to regain his place in nature.The hospital and the staff are all seen as agents of the unnatural. The staff is described as consisting of mechanical parts and the hospital it self has is a machine at the control of Ratched. Bromden goes on to describe a fog machine that is used to fill the hospital and cloud the vision of the patients. This of course is symbolic for the clouding of judgment and in effect the manipulation of sanity as a mind unable to see clearly will not be one to make sound decisions.McMurphys entrance into the hospital is a representation of natural impulse and raw sexuality clashing directly with the mechanical. As he walks in he laughs and Bromden comments how that is the first real laugh he has heard in long time. afterward in the novel McMurphy brags about his conquests of a young girl which led to his incarceration adding to social constraints presented in the story. As the novel nears end McMurphy does free many of the patients which symbolizes the return to the natural and a weakening of authoritative grip when they walk out of the hospital. This however, is directly tied in to him loosing his mind via lobotomy.This brings the final theme for the oppression of freedom found within the story false diagnosis. Sometime before McMurphy ever stepped foot in the asylum there was a rebel before him. Though this man did not seem to challenge the system as harshly as McMurphy he was not a roll over either. He did, however question the process which is evident from his inquiry to the medication he was taking. He was treated via intense electro shock therapy and lobotomy from which he lost his ability to reason, his fighting spirit, and indeed his personality. The man became a human cow for which he was later released and praised as cured by Nurse Ratched.This was an erroneous diagnosis as the man was perhaps a s healthy as most. The issue was brought up in the novel stating that a man of sound mind questions, however it is insane to do so at the challenge of authority as majority rules. The case was very much the same for McMurphy. When he rebelled he was not seen as a man rebelling but a patient loosing a grip on reality. Though, it is unclear whether Nurse Ratchet really saw it that way, it would seem that she was too concerned with having absolute control to care for the peoples well being. This in turned caused to the patients treated inhumanly within the hospital and leant to the fear of leaving.What happened in the hospital was tragic and in many ways analogous to a dictatorship of a nation. When a dictator has absolute control of a country the people must have a fear instilled in them in order to remain in control. This is how the hospital operated with Ratched unchallenged based on the fear of what she may do to the men there. This was the case until McMurphy showed them to live o ut side the confines of a mental prison of fear.

‘My Swordhand is Singing’ Develops Essay

This novel is based around a small village called Chust, in Romania. Chust is a small 17th century village surrounded by a large and sinister wood, full of shadows of unease. The villagers were frightened of the wood, and all that it contained. They were wary of outsiders and were led by tradition. They especially believed in the Miorita, a song about a shepherd murdered by his fellows and through a lamb, he sends word to his mother that he is not dead yet has gone to marry a princess from a distant land. They believed in vampires and ghouls and the Shadow Queen.Peter and Tomas lived a nomadic life. They moved from place to place and were not accepted in Chust. They were wood-cutters and lived on a little island with flowing water around it. Peter does not understand the significance of this moat and thinks it is just an attempt to try and bond with him. It was the first sequence in years where Peter and Tomas were working together and enjoying it. It is a metaphor of their testif y existence lonely, isolated and secretive. Tomas has no interest in making friends and shuns society. This direction that Peter doesnt have the chance to make relationships as they are always moving around. This exacerbates his sense of isolation and makes him resent his gravel more. Peter does not understand what Tomas was running away from, mentally or physically.Before Peter was born, Tomas was enrolled to fight with King Michael, the Winter King. The fighting was long and savage and in that location was lots of bloodshed. When invading a small Turkish town, Peter found a sword. This was not just any sword. It had the power to kill vampires.The sword was make in a land were vampires were common. This sword has the power to vrykolakoi for good. Vrykolakoi are the living dead, souls, escaping from corpses.When Tomass wife died giving birth to Peter, Tomas believed his life wasnt worth living. He had lost the only person who had cared for him, who love him. This was ironic becaus e his job was to return dead souls who want to be alive and here he is with no pull up stakes to live and wanting to die. He doesnt recognise the needs of the living like he does the need of the dead.Tomas starts drinking to numb the pain of his wifes death. This is one of the main causes of Peter and Tomas having an intermittent relationship. Tomas gets infuriated as Peter always tries to stop him drinking but Tomas sees it as an invasion of freewill.By the meter Peter got inside, Tomas had already poured himself a glass of rakia. Have some? he asked. Peter shook his head. For Gods sake his father shouted, without warning. For Gods sake, drink with me for oncePeter is scared of Tomas. He is intimidated by his father. He feels that Tomas is holding him responsible for his wifes death. The live in their own worlds.Who is we? There is no we here.When Peter was 5, Tomas had made him a wooden goose. Tomas was very skilled at carpentry and it was a beautiful masterpiece, a gift of love . In a fit of rage, Tomas destroyed the goose. By doing this he was breaking any bond that he had made with Peter. Peter tried to make another goose, but it was never as good. This symbolises their relationship, never to be as good as it once was.As Peter was growing up, Tomas lied to him to keep the truth from flood tide out about his past. Whenever Peter went into Chust to deliver logs, he would come back with stories. Stories about flocks of sheep being attacked and people dieing. Peter would tell Tomas of these but he would be scornful of them, and me for believing them.Theres all sorts of commotion in the village, Peter said. Sheep have been attacked in their sheds.So the wolves are getting hungry. What of it?Its not wolves. Well thats what theyre saying in ChustPah Tomas spat on the floor. Idiots And youre and idiot too for listening.For as long as Peter could remember, Tomas had a box. Tomas had said, Do not look in the box under any circumstances. For Peter, this is just an other mystery about his father and impairs their relationship.At the end of this novel, Tomas rode into the crowd of hostages and started slaying them to the ground. Tomas knew he was going to die and this was a last effort to show Peter that he always loved him and that he was a good father. As soon Tomas was engulfed by the vampires, Peter immediately picked up the sword and fought until they were all dead. This is know as the Elizabethan strike back Tragedy stating that is youre father dies you must avenge his death.When Peter went back from the battle he found a wooden goose in the fauna shed. This was to symbolise that he has moved from place to place all his life and he should carry on moving, like a bird.Tomas eyes were closed, but in his mind he could see Peter twisting and stroking the blade from side to side. Thats it. Feel it. In his heart, he heard Peters reply.Yes, Father. My swordhand is singing.

Symbol Essay on King Lear

Often in literature, symbolisationisation is used to represent ideas or meanings in a metaphorical sense. However, in Shakespe bes play, King Lear, the symbolic representation of cecity is used both in a metaphorical and literal way. This symbol can first be collectn in the metaphorical blindness of Lear, and so Gloucester, which then leaderships to the literal blindness of Gloucester later on in the play. These examples of blindness are an important part of King Lear because they help the reader to recrudesce insure the themes that Shakespeare wanted to convey through his work.The symbol of blindness can be fix in the very first scene of the play, when Lear is demanding praise from his daughters to decide who depart receive the better part of the land when he gives up his throne. He is metaphoric onlyy blinded by his fleece and arrogance when his eldest daughter, Cordelia, replies by verbalize nothing. Lear is enraged, Nothing will come of nothingHere I disclaim all my paternal careAnd as a stranger to my heart and me adjudge thee from this forever (I. i. 89-114), and he foolishly banishes the only daughter who truly loves him.He cannot see that through Cordelias silence, she is actually saying much more than her sisters, who were deceiving their father in order to receive power. Through the example of Lears actions, the theme that pride and arrogance can blind you is presented to the reader and continues on to evolve into a major theme of the play. Another theme that is introduced through the symbol of blindness is that people are easily deceived by others. This theme is apparent when Gloucester is deceived by his bastard son, Edmund. His externalise is to deceive his father in order to if not by birth, have lands by wit. (I. ii. 164).He is so desperate for power that he goes to the extreme of putting his blood brother in danger due the fake letter he gave to Gloucester, qualification him believe Edgar had turned against him. Gloucester is b linded by Edmunds trickery and lies to the point where he orders for Edgar to be killed. Through his example of metaphorical blindness, Gloucester becomes an example of the theme that blindness leads to people being easily deceived by others. Gloucester is also an example of the literal symbolism of blindness that Shakespeare uses in King Lear.In the third act, comes the bloodiest part of the cataclysm Gloucester is literally blinded by Cornwall for helping Lear escape to Dover. After having both of his eyes force out, Gloucester asks to see his son Edmund, whom he believes is there to protect him. Regan reveals the true statement to him, Thou callst on him that hates thee. It was he That made the overture of thy treason to us, Who is too acceptable to pity thee, (III. vii. 88-90), and Gloucester then realizes he has been deceived by Edmund and wronged his son Edgar. By not visual perception Edmunds treachery until he was blind, Gloucester presents another theme, blindness can l ead to truth.By saying, I stumbled when I saw, (IV. i. 19) Gloucester helps the reader to understand that seeing can blind us from the truth. Through the symbol of blindness, whether metaphorical or literal, the meaning of the play is greatly enhanced by the themes the symbol presents. The reader can better understand the meanings and ideas that Shakespeare intended to portray through his characters. Lear and Gloucester, through their metaphorical and literal examples, allow the symbol to be used as an important part of the play.Symbol Essay on King LearOften in literature, symbolism is used to represent ideas or meanings in a metaphorical sense. However, in Shakespeares play, King Lear, the symbolism of blindness is used both in a metaphorical and literal way. This symbolism can first be seen in the metaphorical blindness of Lear, and then Gloucester, which then leads to the literal blindness of Gloucester later on in the play. These examples of blindness are an important part of K ing Lear because they help the reader to better understand the themes that Shakespeare wanted to convey through his work.The symbol of blindness can be found in the very first scene of the play, when Lear is demanding praise from his daughters to decide who will receive the better part of the land when he gives up his throne. He is metaphorically blinded by his pride and arrogance when his eldest daughter, Cordelia, replies by saying nothing. Lear is enraged, Nothing will come of nothingHere I disclaim all my paternal careAnd as a stranger to my heart and me Hold thee from this forever (I. i. 89-114), and he foolishly banishes the only daughter who truly loves him. He cannot see that through Cordelias silence, she is actually saying much more than her sisters, who were deceiving their father in order to receive power. Through the example of Lears actions, the theme that pride and arrogance can blind you is presented to the reader and continues on to evolve into a major theme of the play.Another theme that is introduced through the symbol of blindness is that people are easily deceived by others. This theme is apparent when Gloucester is deceived by his bastard son, Edmund. His plan is to deceive his father in order to if not by birth, have lands by wit. (I. ii. 164). He is so desperate for power that he goes to the extreme of putting his brother in danger due the fake letter he gave to Gloucester, making him believe Edgar had turned against him. Gloucester is blinded by Edmunds trickery and lies to the point where he orders for Edgar to be killed. Through his example of metaphorical blindness, Gloucester becomes an example of the theme that blindness leads to people being easily deceived by others.Gloucester is also an example of the literal symbolism of blindness that Shakespeare uses in King Lear. In the third act, comes the bloodiest part of the tragedy Gloucester is literally blinded by Cornwall for helping Lear escape to Dover. After having both of his ey es plucked out, Gloucester asks to see his son Edmund, whom he believes is there to protect him.Regan reveals the truth to him, Thou callst on him that hates thee. It was he That made the overture of thy treason to us, Who is too good to pity thee, (III. vii. 88-90), and Gloucester then realizes he has been deceived by Edmund and wronged his son Edgar. By not seeing Edmunds treachery until he was blind, Gloucester presents another theme, blindness can lead to truth. By saying, I stumbled when I saw, (IV. i. 19) Gloucester helps the reader to understand that seeing can blind us from the truth.Through the symbol of blindness, whether metaphorical or literal, the meaning of the play is greatly enhanced by the themes the symbol presents. The reader can better understand the meanings and ideas that Shakespeare intended to portray through his characters. Lear and Gloucester, through their metaphorical and literal examples, allow the symbol to be used as an important part of the play.

My Ideal Friend †Low Essay

My ideal friend is blackguard. Im sure Frank is my ideal friend because we have been friends for umteen years already. Since we were kids, Frank has forever been there when I fell down from my bicycle, when I was scolded by my parents, and helped me chase away dogs that were chasing me whe neer we walked to condition. One day, when I was walking to school together with Frank, we were attacked by 2 stray dogs. Frank took a stick and hit one of the dogs on the nose and the other dog on its leg. I was afraid of dogs but Frank was brave.He was afraid too but he wanted to make sure that his friend was protected. I am not as brave as Frank and thanks to him, I learned that we have to be brave even though we are afraid of something. When I was in school, I was endlessly being bullied by others because I was small. There was a boy called Rino that will always take my money and I did not tell anyone about this. Rino was a lot bigger than me and I was afraid he would beat me if I told an yone that he took my money. After 2 years, Frank saw Rino taking my money behind an set down class during recess and he pushed him away from me.He told him that if he saw him doing it again, he would tell the Principal about this. Since then, Rino never bullied me and my life in school became better. Now that were already seniors in this school, both Frank and I are involved in many activities and study groups. I managed to have many friends because of him and he has taught me many things about our subjects and school activities. I have become a better leader because of him and I have learned many skills from entering sports activities like hockey and rugby.Together, we managed to be selected for the state team and represented Sabah for hockey and played together in Kuala Lumpur. This is how Frank has improved me as an individual. All in all, Frank has never left my side and is still my best friend today. His character and attitude has made him an ideal friend to me. I will never have another friend like Frank and I admire his morals and how he always stands up for his friends even when he is scared. He is instrumental and encourages others to be better and has made me his ideal friend too. (427 words)

Creativity and innovation

Today, MM is a multinational powerhouse, with more than than $23 billion in annual gross sales across a product line 50,000 deep, from adhesives to optical film. It boasts 22,800 patents, m whatsoever derived from its 15 percent program. The program has been key to ms wrinkle scheme and could be a specimen for other companies eager to bring out (Bogged, 2010). 2. 0 Contents 2. 1 Issues of MM 2. 1. 1 Structure in Relation to Innovation MM Company found in 1902 in Minnesota, United States, with more than 35 origin units in America, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia.Its line of business includes sand papers for abrasives, wet and dry papers etc. The attach to has a good structure which alter them to all overcome the setback they had at their first market entrance, of which they come out with rude(a) germinal technique to inclose ideas together, as a result of the structure of its employees to bet together, the troupe had a major break through in the orbicular market. m s structure is finely well- positi oned to accommodate produce and enable it to respond quickly to its rapidly- changing business demands.Conventional question on organisational advancedness has explored the determinants of an arrangings propensity to innovate. Although researchers have analyses the influence of individual, organizational and environmental variables, most of the research has foc apply on organizational structure. Within the cogitation of organizational structure theories, there has been a long tradition of investigating the cerebrate betwixt environment, structures and organizational innovation. Several studies have shown how certain organizational structures facilitate the creation of new products and act upones, especially in relation to fast changing environments.The figure of micro-economists in the field of schema emphasizes the superiority of certain organizational structures such as flat organizational structure, which is similar to the structure a dopted by MM ever the portentous organizational structure, which is similar to the traditional structure used by the alliance. These economists argue that flat organizational structure helps an organization to give way more innovative, because it enables all the members of the association to takings part in its decision making process (Bernard, 2011).Similarly, contingency theory argues that the most reserve structure for an organization is the one that gives its employees the opportunity to shell out part in its decision making process. This is mainly a flat organizational structure. This structure enables the employees of the union to directly inform the circumspection of any new ideas they have without any form of bureaucracy to discourage them or slow the process (Bernard, 2011). 2. 1. Leadership Relation to Innovation Goal achieved through the company to become a global spread as encompassingly from America to include all continents, it means that the leadership was w ise and act with tact, alone that the leadership of MM was commitment and role models, before they are statements and opinions without plan. The administrator manager was painting a picture in his mind about the unblemished ways for employees what they should be in the many an(prenominal), the focus of leadership was the ability to influence the workers and employees by motivating them to seek enthusiasm and commitment to achieve the targets.Opinion of the power that the behaviors serious by executive director manager with the workers and staff was effective approach, were his interaction with clear steps as planned already, the most authorized characteristics is coordination and organization and urged the workers to complete the work on time, and provided them with a great degree of satisfaction and degree of coherence of the group.Such an environment can be more effective than monetary incentives in sustaining innovation. The executive manager do explicit steps to foster an innovation culture based on trust among employees, in this environment the staff can be effective in sustaining innovation and the executive manager made clear steps to encourage and foster an innovation culture based on the backside of trust among staff and employees.According to (Woodlot & Horny, 2002). Thinking in regularity and logical leading to organizational focus and thinking before homework and about planning is a innate evolution expresses minds, Requires basically to be clear on what we want to do at all levels for internal and external affairs And then put the admit plans and system for monitoring To maintain sure of doing things to the fullest is fine. Barnum, 2004) shows the main thing is focus to well Planning and it is what makes the Plan an effective strategy to innovate the most important things and focus is requisite to organizational success . 2. 1. 3 Linkages and Networking to Innovation The most important characteristic of the company MM is to commu nicate with the global and local communities and expression for the needs and interests of the customers, MM has established many of the communication skills to lose customers and hear their views.M has hired a staff to service the customers with dignity and follow and to feel the customers well-to-do after the communicate with them by providing clear and sufficient information either through direct talks informally, or via email and so on. The company did non reach to the global of non-understanding of customer needs and engage them in innovation and give their opinions and their views.In fictional characters of opening up new areas MM used the ideas and opinions of customers from outside the company as part of the development team for blending views and engaging them as part of the development team to mix views. Linking research and date with customers led to promote the level of customer satisfaction and knowledge of the product and how to meet its needs and helped to defi ne the identity of the company not only meet the needs of customers plainly ex fly the coop to many of the ideas that rise to the concept of creating a response to the wishes of the expected customers.Thus, these modes have served and satisfied the customers ,have increased activity and effectiveness of the company (Stern, 2001). The variations between regional patterns and national of technology development fleets the significance of external economic and non-economic factors that encourage the interactions of creative on all kinds of the confederation, which leads to economy into virtuous travel of technological development. . 0 Analyze difficulties in using MM in various pagan situation Depending on the country of the author (Syria) has many reinforcements, including the mien of an important kind resources and skills in the labor market academically and technically need to support and appropriate guidance to get the benefit desired and involve from fresh potash alum of colleges as well as international experts of Syrian origin.The establishment a futuristic company ( AZIZA ) the author leave face many obstacles, including challenges related to community and economic environment and investment and business owners. Challenges related to the majority of the community members-the community in general aspiring to reach game ranks of government and minimizing the magnificence of managing a business career as an option. Where the stroke is treated always in a negative way and the entrepreneur in the case of failure Just for once-is considered human being failed a lifetime which limits innovation and development.In Syria, there is the problem of routine and bureaucracy in all sectors where high proportions in the institutions of the state-supported sector and less in the private sector, which is Considered Bad of the work environment in Syria and must be combated to eliminate them through the process of contributing to the sentiency community usin g modern technology to eliminate routine and bureaucracy and serious contribution to the idea of creating a single window (Haddam, 2012).One of the challenges and not to take full advantage of previous experience and be taken into account as a reference lichen performance of he work, as well as the policy of the state and the economic system in the country, the culture of the community is excessively full of routine, there is no full advantage of the technology and techniques in the field of electronic daily work, the lack of automation of processes in the offices which leads to lose time, which leads to lack of innovation (Haddam, 2012). . 0 Evidence of reflection on how insights relate to school-age child own situation and how learning might applied in current situation Motivate the staff by a multifariousness of ways. While a employee will rewarded by a rise of pay, another will measure their success wrought a promotion. Also the upbringing could be a potent factor to motiv ate for the staff, and this too helps them to acquire a new skills. Thereby increasing performance of their Job and stimulates them to creative new things. bridal of the good incentives stems from a measure of fair and realistic comes the following results Raising the level of production of employees, which is reflected on the production, cut the company apostrophizes by bring down the damage, the spread of a positive atmosphere between the members of the company because of the general sense of attestation and Justice, Increase in the number wishing to Join the company of qualified and creators, and the straw man of a picture of a shiny bright and positive of the society (Fedora, 2005).What draw the attention of the author also is a unbroken quest of MM Company in the preparation of future plans for the administration the transitional phase. According to (Donald, 2012), organizational transition centering is an approach to changing an organization situation from a current st ate to a desired future state. It is an organizational process aimed at helping to hanged stakeholders to accept and embrace flip-flops in their business environment.Similarly, (Cotter, 2011) defines transition management as the utilization of basic structures and tools to control any organizational multifariousness effort. Change managements goal is to minimize the deepen impacts on workers and ward off distractions. Examples of organizational change include Mission changes, Strategic changes, Structural changes, Technological changes, and Changing the attitudes and behaviors of employees.As a multidisciplinary practice that has evolved as a result of scholarly research, organisational renewal charge should begin with a hysteretic diagnosis of the current situation, in order to determine both the need for change and the capability to change. The objectives, content, and process of change should all be specified as part of the Transition Management Plan (Gaffer, 2012). Transiti on Management processes may include creative marketing to enable communication between change audiences, but also deep social understanding about leaderships styles and group dynamics.As a visible track on chemise projects, Organizational Transition Management aligns groups expectations, communicates, integrates teams and manages people training. It makes use of performance metrics, such as financial results, operational efficiency, leadership commitment, communication effectiveness, and the perceived need for change to design appropriate strategies, in order to avoid change failures (Gaffer, 2012).According to ( Kings, 2012), successful transition management is more likely to occur if the following are include Benefits management and fruition to define measurable stakeholder aims, create a business case for their achievement (which should be continuously updated), and monitor assumptions, risks, dependencies, sots, return on investment, ads-benefits and cultural issues affecting the work out of the associated work. Effective Communications that informs various stakeholders of the reasons for the change, the benefits of successful implementation, as well as the details of the change (when? Where? Who is involved? How much will it cost? Etc. ). dress up an effective education, training and/or skills upgrading scheme for the organization. Counter bulwark from the employees of companies and align them to overall strategic direction of the organization. Provide personal focal point (if squired) to alleviate any change-related fears. Monitoring of the implementation and fine-tuning as required. The corporation is like a tree that grows from its roots, stub products are nourished by competencies and engender business units, whose fruit are products. Three tests are proposed to identify core competencies in an organization a core competence provides potential access to a wide variety of markets, it should make a significant contribution to the perceived cu stomer benefits of the end product, and finally a core competence should be difficult for competitors to imitate.The core products provide a tangible link between identified core competencies and the end products. Organizations need to build their strategies within different clear scenarios, in different ways, based on different competencies for the purposes of achieving real advantages in the shadow of unknown, risk, and uncertain future (Canon, 2011). 5. 0 Discussion of challenges in transforming their learning into action given their peculiar(a) strength and limitations This case study taught the author the wideness of organizational change and how it helps an organization to become more innovative and free-enterprise(a).It also helped the author to learn a detailed method of implementing organizational change, in order to avoid any form of disruption or problem in the process. This include Prepare, Plan, Design, implement, Operate, and Optimize processes. In addition, this re search helped the author to learn the importance of focus strategy and core competency and how they help an organization to become very competitive in their individual industries. The author also learned the disadvantages of individual work and how it negatively affects the productivity and innovativeness of organizations.In the author endeavourers as a future manager, will apply this methodology whenever it deems necessary by adopting the strategy and processes used by MM Prepare, Plan, Design, implement, Operate, and Optimize processes. This is because the method will enable him to assess and align the organizations threshold capabilities with its strategy before implementing it. The strategy will also help to avoid individual work and equally help the organization to focus on its core competency, thereby gaining more competitive advantage over its competitors.The challenges that the author may face when applying this insight as a manager in future could be inadequate skilful em ployees and employees resistance to change. However, the author will resolve this issue by ensuring that the employees of the organization are encouraged to adapt to the change resulting from the new strategy implementation through rewards and training on the importance of the change to them and the organization. By so doing, the organization will always successfully implement any form of strategy relevant to its success and growth. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, MM is a very successful organization and a market leader, because of TTS ability to adopt new processes and adapt to the changes resulting from it. This also makes it to innovative very often, because it employees tend to be exposed to various operational processes, which helps them to continuously think of new ways to carry out their tasks. It also enables its employees to be constantly trained in various areas, thereby helping them to learn and transfer new knowledge, skills, attitudes, and abilities to their Jobs.Creativi ty and innovationToday, MM is a multinational powerhouse, with more than $23 billion in annual sales across a product line 50,000 deep, from adhesives to optical film. It boasts 22,800 patents, many derived from its 15 percent program. The program has been key to ms business strategy and could be a model for other companies eager to innovate (Bogged, 2010). 2. 0 Contents 2. 1 Issues of MM 2. 1. 1 Structure in Relation to Innovation MM Company established in 1902 in Minnesota, United States, with more than 35 business units in America, Europe, Middle East, Africa and Asia.Its line of business includes sandpapers for abrasives, wet and dry papers etc. The company has a good structure which enable them to overcome the setback they had at their first market entrance, of which they come out with new creative technique to innovate ideas together, as a result of the structure of its employees to work together, the company had a major breakthrough in the global market. ms structure is finel y well- positioned to accommodate growth and enable it to respond quickly to its rapidly- changing business demands.Conventional research on organizational innovativeness has explored the determinants of an organizations propensity to innovate. Although researchers have analyses the influence of individual, organizational and environmental variables, most of the research has focused on organizational structure. Within the field of organizational structure theories, there has been a long tradition of investigating the links between environment, structures and organizational innovation. Several studies have shown how certain organizational structures facilitate the creation of new products and processes, especially in relation to fast changing environments.The work of micro-economists in the field of strategy emphasizes the superiority of certain organizational structures such as flat organizational structure, which is similar to the structure adopted by MM ever the tall organizationa l structure, which is similar to the traditional structure used by the company. These economists argue that flat organizational structure helps an organization to become more innovative, because it enables all the members of the company to take part in its decision making process (Bernard, 2011).Similarly, contingency theory argues that the most appropriate structure for an organization is the one that gives its employees the opportunity to take part in its decision making process. This is mainly a flat organizational structure. This structure enables the employees of the company to directly inform the management of any new ideas they have without any form of bureaucracy to discourage them or slow the process (Bernard, 2011). 2. 1. Leadership Relation to Innovation Goal achieved through the company to become a global spread as widely from America to include all continents, it means that the leadership was wise and act with tact, simply that the leadership of MM was commitment and ro le models, before they are statements and opinions without plan. The executive manager was painting a picture in his mind about the perfect ways for employees what they should be in the many, the focus of leadership was the ability to influence the workers and employees by motivating them to seek enthusiasm and commitment to achieve the targets.Opinion of the author that the behaviors practiced by executive manager with the workers and staff was effective approach, were his interaction with clear steps as planned already, the most important characteristics is coordination and organization and urged the workers to complete the work on time, and provided them with a great degree of satisfaction and degree of coherence of the group.Such an environment can be more effective than monetary incentives in sustaining innovation. The executive manager made explicit steps to foster an innovation culture based on trust among employees, in this environment the staff can be effective in sustainin g innovation and the executive manager made clear steps to encourage and foster an innovation culture based on the basis of trust between staff and employees.According to (Woodlot & Horny, 2002). Thinking in regularity and logical leading to organizational focus and thinking before planning and about planning is a natural evolution expresses minds, Requires basically to be clear on what we want to do at all levels for internal and external affairs And then put the appropriate plans and system for monitoring To make sure of doing things to the fullest is fine. Barnum, 2004) shows the main thing is focus to well Planning and it is what makes the Plan an effective strategy to innovate the most important things and focus is necessary to organizational success . 2. 1. 3 Linkages and Networking to Innovation The most important characteristic of the company MM is to communicate with the global and local communities and looking for the needs and interests of the customers, MM has establishe d many of the communication skills to meet customers and hear their views.M has hired a staff to service the customers with dignity and respect and to feel the customers satisfied after the communicate with them by providing clear and sufficient information either through direct talks informally, or via email and so on. The company did not reach to the global of non-understanding of customer needs and engage them in innovation and give their opinions and their views.In cases of opening up new areas MM used the ideas and opinions of customers from outside the company as part of the development team for blending views and engaging them as part of the development team to mix views. Linking research and experience with customers led to enhance the level of customer satisfaction and knowledge of the product and how to meet its needs and helped to define the identity of the company not only meet the needs of customers but extend to many of the ideas that rise to the concept of creating a response to the wishes of the expected customers.Thus, these methods have served and satisfied the customers ,have increased activity and effectiveness of the company (Stern, 2001). The variations between regional patterns and national of technology development fleets the significance of external economic and non-economic factors that encourage the interactions of creative on all kinds of the community, which leads to economy into virtuous circle of technological development. . 0 Analyze difficulties in using MM in different cultural situation Depending on the country of the author (Syria) has many advantages, including the presence of an important human resources and skills in the labor market academically and technically need to support and appropriate guidance to get the benefit desired and required from fresh graduate of colleges as well as international experts of Syrian origin.The establishment a futuristic company ( AZIZA ) the author will face many obstacles, including chall enges related to community and economic environment and investment and business owners. Challenges related to the majority of the community members-the community in general aspiring to reach higher ranks of government and minimizing the importance of managing a business career as an option. Where the failure is treated always in a negative way and the entrepreneur in the case of failure Just for once-is considered human being failed a lifetime which limits innovation and development.In Syria, there is the problem of routine and bureaucracy in all sectors where high proportions in the institutions of the public sector and less in the private sector, which is Considered Bad of the work environment in Syria and must be combated to eliminate them through the process of contributing to the awareness community using modern technology to eliminate routine and bureaucracy and serious contribution to the idea of creating a single window (Haddam, 2012).One of the challenges and not to take fu ll advantage of previous experience and be taken into account as a reference lichen performance of he work, as well as the policy of the state and the economic system in the country, the culture of the community is also full of routine, there is no full advantage of the technology and techniques in the field of electronic daily work, the lack of automation of processes in the offices which leads to lose time, which leads to lack of innovation (Haddam, 2012). . 0 Evidence of reflection on how insights relate to student own situation and how learning might applied in current situation Motivate the staff by a variety of ways. While a employee will rewarded by a rise of pay, another will measure their success wrought a promotion. Also the training could be a strong factor to motivate for the staff, and this also helps them to acquire a new skills. Thereby increasing performance of their Job and stimulates them to creative new things. Adoption of the good incentives stems from a measure of fair and realistic comes the following results Raising the level of production of employees, which is reflected on the production, cut the company costs by reducing the damage, the spread of a positive atmosphere between the members of the company because of the general sense of attestation and Justice, Increase in the number wishing to Join the company of qualified and creators, and the presence of a picture of a shiny bright and positive of the society (Fedora, 2005).What draw the attention of the author also is a constant quest of MM Company in the preparation of future plans for the administration the transitional phase. According to (Donald, 2012), organizational transition management is an approach to changing an organization situation from a current state to a desired future state. It is an organizational process aimed at helping to hanged stakeholders to accept and embrace changes in their business environment.Similarly, (Cotter, 2011) defines transition management as th e utilization of basic structures and tools to control any organizational change effort. Change managements goal is to minimize the change impacts on workers and avoid distractions. Examples of organizational change include Mission changes, Strategic changes, Structural changes, Technological changes, and Changing the attitudes and behaviors of employees.As a multidisciplinary practice that has evolved as a result of scholarly research, Organizational Transition Management should begin with a hysteretic diagnosis of the current situation, in order to determine both the need for change and the capability to change. The objectives, content, and process of change should all be specified as part of the Transition Management Plan (Gaffer, 2012). Transition Management processes may include creative marketing to enable communication between change audiences, but also deep social understanding about leaderships styles and group dynamics.As a visible track on transformation projects, Organiz ational Transition Management aligns groups expectations, communicates, integrates teams and manages people training. It makes use of performance metrics, such as financial results, operational efficiency, leadership commitment, communication effectiveness, and the perceived need for change to design appropriate strategies, in order to avoid change failures (Gaffer, 2012).According to ( Kings, 2012), successful transition management is more likely to occur if the following are included Benefits management and realization to define measurable stakeholder aims, create a business case for their achievement (which should be continuously updated), and monitor assumptions, risks, dependencies, sots, return on investment, ads-benefits and cultural issues affecting the progress of the associated work. Effective Communications that informs various stakeholders of the reasons for the change, the benefits of successful implementation, as well as the details of the change (when? Where? Who is involved? How much will it cost? Etc. ). Devise an effective education, training and/or skills upgrading scheme for the organization. Counter resistance from the employees of companies and align them to overall strategic direction of the organization. Provide personal counseling (if squired) to alleviate any change-related fears. Monitoring of the implementation and fine-tuning as required. The corporation is like a tree that grows from its roots, core products are nourished by competencies and engender business units, whose fruit are products. Three tests are proposed to identify core competencies in an organization a core competence provides potential access to a wide variety of markets, it should make a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end product, and finally a core competence should be difficult for competitors to imitate.The core products provide a tangible link between identified core competencies and the end products. Organizations need t o build their strategies within different clear scenarios, in different ways, based on different competencies for the purposes of achieving real advantages in the shadow of unknown, risk, and uncertain future (Canon, 2011). 5. 0 Discussion of challenges in transforming their learning into action given their particular strength and limitations This case study taught the author the importance of organizational change and how it helps an organization to become more innovative and competitive.It also helped the author to learn a detailed method of implementing organizational change, in order to avoid any form of disruption or problem in the process. This include Prepare, Plan, Design, implement, Operate, and Optimize processes. In addition, this research helped the author to learn the importance of focus strategy and core competency and how they help an organization to become very competitive in their respective industries. The author also learned the disadvantages of individual work an d how it negatively affects the productivity and innovativeness of organizations.In the author endeavourers as a future manager, will apply this methodology whenever it deems necessary by adopting the strategy and processes used by MM Prepare, Plan, Design, implement, Operate, and Optimize processes. This is because the method will enable him to assess and align the organizations threshold capabilities with its strategy before implementing it. The strategy will also help to avoid individual work and equally help the organization to focus on its core competency, thereby gaining more competitive advantage over its competitors.The challenges that the author may face when applying this insight as a manager in future could be inadequate skilful employees and employees resistance to change. However, the author will resolve this issue by ensuring that the employees of the organization are encouraged to adapt to the change resulting from the new strategy implementation through rewards and training on the importance of the change to them and the organization. By so doing, the organization will always successfully implement any form of strategy relevant to its success and growth. 6. Conclusion In conclusion, MM is a very successful organization and a market leader, because of TTS ability to adopt new processes and adapt to the changes resulting from it. This also makes it to innovative very often, because it employees tend to be exposed to various operational processes, which helps them to constantly think of new ways to carry out their tasks. It also enables its employees to be constantly trained in various areas, thereby helping them to learn and transfer new knowledge, skills, attitudes, and abilities to their Jobs.

Knowledge, Attitude and Breast Cancer Screening Practices in Ghana Essay

INTRODUCTION front crabmeat in its simplest definition is the crabmeat of pinhead thread. It is the some park nary(prenominal)skin crabmeat that chance upons women in the United States and the utmostest fatality rates of genus malignant neoplastic disease deaths among women in low-resource countries (Anderson et al 2006). Severity of bureau crabmeat differs based on its aim of tissue invasion. Ductal carcinoma in situ is the most common noninvasive summit malignant neoplastic affection while infiltrating or invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common bureau crabmeat that accounts for astir(predicate) 80% of invasive mammilla crabby person. Breast lumps show is the commonest form of evinceation regardless of the titmouse crabby person type (ACS 2005).Epidemiologic factors ar attri barelyed to dietary and environmental peril factors, although association of diet and pinhead crabmeat had varied go protrudes. Environmental risk factors involve the exp osure to several(prenominal) toxic elements which accounts for the increased incidence of chest cancer in Western countries. Alcohol intake is also considered to effect in the increase of the number of cases in the US population. Age is also considered as cancer risk factor and can be attributed to hormonal change. Genetic variation and ethnicity are not step forward of scope for the investigation of knocker cancer risk factors (Barton 2005).Diagnosis and Pathology of Breast malignant neoplastic disease In 2002, Breast Health planetary maiden (BHGI) together with panel of look cancer experts and affected role advocates develop a consensus of recommendations for the diagnosis of dresser cancer in limited-resource countries (Shyyan 2006). Histopathologic diagnosis acceptd fine-needle aspiration biopsy which was recognized as the least expensive, core needle biopsy and surgical biopsy and had a consensus of choosing the rule based on the availability of tools and expertise. They gave emphasis on the correlation of histopathology, clinical and imaging uncoveringings. They agreed on the need of histopathologic diagnosis before pectus cancer treatment. In 2005, BHGI panel recommended an additional strategy of nipple cancer management.They stratify symptomatic procedure and histopathology methods into basic, limited, enhanced, and maximalfrom lowest to steepest resources. Basic level includes medical register of the patient, clinical bosom mental test, tissue diagnosis and medical record keeping. Limited level includes the change magnitude resources that enable diagnostic imaging utilization such as ultrasound with or without mammography, tests that can evaluate metastasis, use of image-guided sampling and hormone receptor sampling. Enhanced level includes diagnostic mammography, bone scanning and an onsite cytologist. Maximal level includes mass test mammography (Shyyan 2006).Treatment of Breast malignant neoplastic disease Treatment includes su rgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy or combinations of these three treatment modalities. According to American Cancer nightclub (2005), treatment can be local or systemic. Local treatment of the tumor is done without affecting the rest of the body. Surgery and radiation are examples of this treatment. On the other hand, systemic treatment which includes chemotherapy, hormone therapy and immunotherapy, is given into the bloodstream or by mouth to reach the cancer cells that may have spreadhead the beyond the chest. Radiotherapy is a treatment of bosom cancer with high-energy rays to help shrink the cancer cells. It can be given outside of the body (external radiation) or can be headd directly into the tumor as radioactive materials (ACS 2005). It may be given external to the body. Radiotherapy requires safe and effective industry requiring appropriate facilities, staff and equipment. Radiotherapy should be utilize without delay, should be accessible to all but without prolonga tion of the overall treatment time exposure. It is part of an implicit in(p) part of breast-conserving treatment. It is required in almost all women with the breast cancer, and on that pointfore should be available (Bese 2006).Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs that are administered through and through injection in the vein or taken orally as a pill. It may be given before breast cancer surgery to reduce the sizing of the tumor or may be given after the surgery to reduce the chance of recurrence (ACS 2005).This treatment is done in cycle the most common of which is 3-6 months. n advance(prenominal) common side effects of these drugs usually stop once the treatment is over such as in hair falling. any(prenominal) of drugs used as chemotherapy are tamoxifen, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil doxorubicin, epirubicin, taxane and aromatase . These are usually prescribed in combination, and treatment is done with adjuvant therapy such as radiotherapy and pre- and post deed ( Eniu 2006). Surgical management in breast cancer is very common. This is done to remove as ofttimes as the cancer as possible and to find out whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. Surgery can also restore the appearance of the breast and relieve the symptoms of advanced cancer. ACS (2005) released some of the common surgical procedures in breast cancer. These are lumpectomy, partial or segmental mastectomy, simple or total mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy and radical mastectomy.RESULTS Breast cancer patients in gold coast. The present topic which included women with mean age population of 48 years revealed an almost consistent perception with regards to breast cancer. They were aware that breast cancer is highly increasing in their place but not assured of the bugger off of complaint. All of the responders were not aware of family breast cancer history merely one. Information about breast cancer was acquired through television and radio curriculums. only when after consultation with doctors due to lumps or pains in their breast and some due to liquid coming out of their breast, that they were communicate that they have breast cancer. n other(a) of them underwent breast tissue exam for confirmation of the disease.Afterwards, they were advised to sustain surgery with medical treatment. The responders were ignorant of the breast cancer cover and prevention. In fact, out of 10 responders, only 2 (20%) of them were aware of breast self-importance examination and clinical breast examination and admitted that they occasionally suffice BSE. None of the responders knew about mammogram except for one (10%) of them who has heard of it but never had tried one. The feeling towards the association of acquiring the disease was also the same the feeling of being a burden in the family was common.They were afraid to face the reality but have know that they have to fight the disease through the encouragement and fig ht down of family members and help of medical masters. The sample population was aware of the herbalist and faith healers but they did not submit themselves into that kind of treatment because herbalist have not proven therapeutic for breast cancer. The most common complaint of the responders was the high cost of therapies, hospital consider and doctor fees.The treatment cost ranged to 250,000-24 million except to one of them who received a free treatment for being enrolled to a clinical trial. Sentiments of the participants were the same. last of treatment was attributed to their distant place from the health clinics some facilities like x-ray were not available in the clinics and high cost of treatment. These people asked for the betterment of breast cancer management through education dissemination to the community by health anguish plyrs and a help from the government to provide financial support to those who cannot afford to submit themselves for treatment.Patients in bre ast cancer clinic. In this part of the field of honor, women with mean age of 42 years who were in breast cancer clinic were included. Most common medical complaint was lump and pain in the breast while others submit themselves for blanket because they have just heard it from the radio/TV. The schooling revealed that women who were attending the clinic were not actually informed of the cause breast cancer but aware of its increasing rate of mortality. Misconception about the cause of breast cancer such as exposure to coins was not common but did not exclude the form of trauma due to manipulation of the breast. Others correlate breast cancer with smoking and taking alcoholic beverages.They were not aware of their family history of breast cancer. Information regarding breast cancer was acquired through television and radio programs and others were through their friends and family members. Most of the respondents believed that early detection and vigorous treatment of the disease c an prevent the unfavorable outcome of breast cancer such as removal of their breast or the worst would be cancer death.Only one out of 10 participants (10%) actually practice breast self examination (BSE). Most of them were informed of BSE but not actually practicing it. They were also aware of healers and herbalist but they did not believe that they can cure breast cancer but did not disagree of the possibility that herbalist and healers could treat other diseases or illnesses like hypertension.The participants suggested that it would be better if the government would provide or establish much health care clinics for breast cancer screening and provide free screening programs especially to those who cannot afford to pay for high cost of treatment of the disease and for an open-easy access to all especially to those in rural areas. One of the participants suggested that doctors should study further about the treatment of breast cancer instead of resorting to breast surgery.Healers problematical in breast cancer management. Many of the population of gold coast are stable patronizing healers and herbalist as a resort of treatment. Two healers from Ghana were interviewed regarding their management of breast cancer. The healers have been into this practice for about 20-50 years. According to them, breast cancer is very common in Ghana and they are aware of the increasing incidence of the disease. They described breast cancer as an obosam disease and the other was a supernatural disease. Healers believed that their ability to cure the disease inherited from their forefathers who taught them how to prepare herbs and provide them with dwarfs.They believed that doctors have no right treatment towards breast cancer because according to them they just remove the breasts of women and subsequently die. According to the healers they do not promote breast examinations to their patients because these are useless and cannot stop women from getting the disease. Despite the big machines available in the hospitals, women with breast cancer still die, according to them.Healers charge their patients with as much as 200,000-1(15-60) million depending on the patients condition. The healers admitted that there were cases of recurrence of the disease due to lost to follow up and missed spiritual sessions. Healers do not attend patients to hospitals rather, they encourage hospital doctors to refer their patients to healers because they are more capable of treating breast cancer.Breast cancer consultants. Medical health professionals play a significant role in the awareness of breast cancer. They have the power to influence their patients toward right management of the disease. In the present study, surgeon/breast cancer consultants were interviewed. Consultants as anticipate were aware of the increasing incidence of breast cancer but they cannot give an exact figure due to absence of cancer registry in the place however they were able to attend to 200-300 n ew cases of breast cancer annually with age range starting from 20 years and above. They revealed that women in Ghana assort breast cancer to death because after undergoing breast caner surgery they usually die.People in Ghana link medical intervention and death which do the women in this place afraid of the disease and lead them to negative status towards the disease. Consultants believed that there were several misconceptions about the disease. They were also aware that healers and herbalist delay the presentation of patients to hospital which accounted for the late stop of diagnosis. bailiwick Screening Program would benefit the people in Ghana for early detection of breast cancer and prompt treatment, however, they did not deny the fact it would be difficult to establish such program due to lack of funds by the government at present time. Consultants were aware of the limited resources of the needed for the implementation of the program.They believe that it is much easier a nd practicable to educate the women on simple screening methods such as regular breast self examination and encourage practitioners to take advantage of examining the breasts of their patients. There are also NGOs who are engaged in some activities like providing health care assistance. Consultants revealed that they receive referrals from district regions and from private practitioners. All patients with breast cancer are candidates for surgery. There are just some procedures that lead to untoward incident which cause the people to blame the doctors. According to consultants, one big problem that they encounter is the delay of the result of tissue exam from the pathologists which sometimes lead them to acquire the high cost of private laboratory. According to consultants the 5-year survival rate in Ghan is 25% which is disappointing.According to radiology consultant, patients present themselves to treatment once they are already in advanced stage, most at stage 3 and 4. They revea led the common factors that influence the delay of treatment among Ghana women. Most of the patients were scared of the procedure of breast cancer treatment like in breast surgery which have many social and marriage implications.The high cost of the procedure bars the patient to go to the doctors. Consultants revealed that surgical procedure may cost 2-3million ( 150-200), radiotherapy is about 3-4 million ( 200-300) and chemotherapy is around 6 million (400). Although surgical treatment cost is covered in National Health Insurance, the cost of radiotherapy and chemotherapy are excluded. Mammography which is an effective tool in breast cancer screening costs 400,000 (30) in private health conception and around 250,000 (20).DISCUSSION WITH REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES The present study aimed to increase the awareness of the women in Ghana to breast cancer and the benefits that can be gained from breast cancer screening. The fellowship, attitude, behavior and practices of the wom en regarding early detection of breast cancer were analyzed. The ultimate aim of the study was to reduce the mortality rate of breast cancer. The study revealed that there were still misconceptions about breast cancer despite the information gathered from televisions and radio programs. Attendance of Ghanaian women in breast clinic did not mean that they were informed of the nature of their disease. Only a couple of(prenominal) of them were also aware of preventive procedure in detecting breast cancer. Local healers and spiritualists also delayed the presentation of the patients to the hospital which contributed to the late diagnosis of the disease. Difference in the disease management of health professionals can be attributed to the positioning of practice and availability of resources.Several factors thought to affect the breast cancer screening program were the poor education of the Ghanaian towards prevention awareness against breast cancer lack of initiative of the people to spread the knowledge of breast cancer screening such as simple breast self examination and clinical breast examination the inaccessibility of the of ancient health care and the organizers the unavailability of the appropriate screening tools like x-ray and mammography in the community and its high cost and the lack of support from the government.The following appraise of related literatures will help in the understanding of breast cancer and breast cancer screening.Because of the continuous increasing prevalence of breast cancer and high cost of treatment, breast cancer screening remains the most cost effective way of cancer management (Parkin and Fernandez 2006).Most of the world faces resource constraints that hinder the capacity to improve early detection, prompt diagnosis and sufficient treatment of the breast cancer. Every country finds its way to develop evidenced based, economically feasible and culturally appropriate guidelines that can be utilized by countries of limited health care resources to improve breast cancer outcomes (Anderson 2006).Adaptive strategies should be applied to ease the growing burden of breast cancer. In 2005, according to Smith and his colleagues (2006), the Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) held its second summit in Bethesda, MD with the intention of reaffirming the principle of requiring all women of all resource levels to support in seeking health care and assuring the access to affordable and appropriate diagnostic tests and treatment intervention against breast cancer. They recommended breast health awareness to all women including the basic resources. They enhanced the basic facilities for effective training of relevant staff in clinical breast examination (CBE) or breast self examination and even the feasibility of mammography.magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic resonance imaging is one of the breast cancer screening procedures. It has been increasingly used as tool for early diagnosis of breast cancer. This screen ing tool has shown to detect cancers even they are weeny and potentially proven to be more curable than mammography alone.However, MRI is more costly than mammography and can lead to unnecessary breast biopsies, thus causing trouble and discomfort to patient. On the other hand, a query study about the cost-effectiveness of breast MRI screening by cancer risk where they included the cancer detection ability of MRI, characteristics of women with dense breast tissue and women with high inherited breast cancer risk, revealed mortality decrease and cost effectiveness of breast MRI screening added to mammography in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers (Kurian 2006). The hallmark of morality and morbidity of breast cancer can be attributed to the late presentation of the patients at an advanced stage of breast cancer. It is when there is no or little benefit that can be derived from any treatment modality. In a study conducted by Okobia and colleagues (2006), the knowledge, attitude and p ractice of community dwellers of Nigeria towards breast cancer were analyzed.They recruited urban-dwelling women with conducted an interviewer-administered questionnaires to elicit sociodemographic information regarding knowledge, attitude and practice towards breast cancer. It was found out that the participants had poor knowledge of breast cancer. Only 214 out of 1000 participants knew that breast cancer is presented initially with breast lumps. Breast cancer examination practices were low. Only 432 participants were able carry out breast self examination while only 91 participants had clinical breast examination. This study revealed that participants with higher level of education were significantly more knowledgeable about breast cancer.Ethnicity or race-related culture and beliefs are factors that affect the increase in prevalence of breast cancer mortality. Paterniti (2006) investigated how ethnically diverse women who are eligible for tamoxifen prophylaxis because of their br east cancer risk decide about tamoxifen use for risk reduction. Prior to the study, there was discussion of the benefits and risks of tamoxifen as prophylaxis.The study which included African-American, White, and Latina women, of 6178 years, revealed that fear of breast cancer was not prominent and they were not inclined to take tamoxifen as preventive therapy after receiving the information. Participants showed limited involuntariness to take the medication with potential adverse effects. This study revealed that women felt that they had other options other than taking the risk of tamoxifen to reduce their risk of breast cancer, including early detection, diet, faith and other alternative therapies. Graham (2002) conducted a look for about the relationship between beliefs and practice of breast self examination (BSE in a black women population of 20-49 years of age. It was found out that health beliefs were much stronger in determining BSE performance for a given individual than w ere demographic characteristics. Breast self examination was related to increased perceived seriousness of breast cancer, benefit of the procedure and health motivation and was historied to have contrary relationship with perceived barriers.A related study was reported by Mitchell and colleagues (2002), about the effects of religious beliefs with other variables on breast cancer screening and the intended presentation of self-discovered breast lump. This study included women aging 40 years and above and were interviewed in their homes. Most of the interviewees believed that doctors cure breast cancer with divinitys intervention which was labeled as religious intervention with treatment. This dimension was found out to be correlated with self-reported mammography but no clinical breast examination or intention to delay presentation of self-discovered breast lump.Minority of them believed treatment of breast cancer was unnecessary because only God could cure the disease which was la beled as religious intervention in place of treatment, and was significantly more common among African-American women who are less improve and older. This was correlated with the strong intention of delaying the presentation of self-discovered breast lump. It was concluded that religious intervention in place of treatment contributes significantly the delay presentation of breast cancer among African-American that contribute largely to the advanced-stage cancer diagnosis.The cause of breast cancer is still unclear. Adjei (2006) who grew up in Ghan and had some work about breast cancer. In his letter, he revealed his sentiments about the genetic differences in breast cancer. He had been aware of the incidence of breast cancer in Ghana since 1974 to 1999.He noted that the item incidence of breast cancer in Ghana is in younger women with age range of 40-45 years while in United States and Caucasians, the peak incidence is in older age groups. Adjei (2006) pointed out that women of di fferent places and environments, with different diets have similar epidemiology of breast cancer. In an argument which revealed number of breast cancer in African-Americans but rare in native African has been used to suggest that ethnicity is one factor of acquiring the disease, however, according to Adjei (2006), this information is trail because cancer has not been well-studied in Africa.Researchers are still finding their ways to to the fully disclose the correlation of genetic signature in breast tumors that are straightway noted to be a powerful predictor of cancer spread and cancer death. In a limited study conducted by Kolata (2002), she included few patients who are relatively. As she stated in her report, scientists said that the activity of a collection of 70 genes appear to predict cancer mortality better than conventional measures like tumor size, cancer stage or lymph node spread to the axilla of women. She revealed in her study that 5.5% of women with good genetic signature died within the undermentioned decade while 45% of women are those of with bad genetic signatures.Adherence to the treatment regimen of breast cancer plays a big role in the improvement of disease outcome. There are no much literature about the factors associated to the behavior that influence the patient to delay or cause an partial adherence to the recommended follow up in patients with breast cancer. In a study conducted by Kaplan (2006), race/ethnicity, country of birth, financial issues fear of pain and problem of communicating with the healthcare providers are the barriers to seek follow up consultationBreast Cancer Screening There was decline in breast cancer mortality rate of 0.9% in African American women while 2.1% was the decline in breast cancer mortality rate in non-Hispanic White women (Stewart et al 2004 as stated by Settersten , Dopp, and Tjoe, (2005). On the contrary, De Koning (2000), questioned in his study the cost effectiveness of breast cancer scre ening. His idea came out when he analyzed his expectations of the reduction of breast cancer mortality after breast cancer screening. He stated in his study that the Dutch program of 2-yearly screening for women aged 50-70 would realize a 16% reduction in the total population.As stated in his research paper, the actual benefit that can be achieved from breast cancer screening programs is overstated. According to him breast cancer screening need to be carefully balanced against the burden to women and health care system. De Koning (2000) stated that effects of breast cancer screening program depend on many factors such as epidemiology of the disease, the health care system, costs of health care, quality of the screening program and the attendance rate.Groot, M. T. et al (2006) estimated the costs and health effects of breast cancer interventions in epidemiologically different regions of Africa, North America and Asia. They developed a numeric simulation model of breast cancer using the different stages of cancer, its distribution and case fatality rates in the absence and presence of treatment as predictors of survival. The study resulted to a conclusion that untreated patients were the most sensitive to case fatality rates. This study suggest that treating breast cancer at stage 1 and introduction of an extensive breast cancer program are the most cost effective breast cancer interventions. This study is supported by the research done by Aylin and colleagues (2005). They recruited women at the mammography clinic to evaluate the knowledge about breast cancer and mammography as breast cancer screening procedure. The striking result of this study is that most of the participants (95.3% of the total participants) were aware that women should have mammography screening periodically. They were informed of the fact that breast cancer screening such as mammography could help in the early detection of breast cancer. However, less than 50% of them admitted that they h ad never had mammography screening.Majority of the respondents (71.1%) were practicing breast self-examination. Another related study was conducted by Dundar and colleagues (2006), since breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in Turkey , they determined the t the knowledge and attitudes of women in a rural area in western Turkey about breast self examination and mammography.They recruited women with age ranging from 20-64 years. Although majority of the participants have heard or read about breast cancer only 56.1% of them had sufficient knowledge about breast cancer and some admitted that they acquired the information from their health care professionals. Those with information of beast cancer were also those who practice breast self examination. This study revealed that health care professionals play a big role in information dissemination about breast cancer.Table 1. Recommendations for routine mammographic screening in North American women aged 40 years or ol der who are at average risk for breast cancer*Group (date of recommendations) absolute frequency of screening (yr)Included ages (yr)40-4950-6970Government-sponsored and private groupsUS Preventive Services Task Force (2002)**1-2YesYesYes***Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health rush (1998, 1999, 2001)1-2NoYesNoNational Institutes of Health consensus conference (1997)No+American Cancer Society (1997)1YesYesYesNational Cancer Institute (2002)1-2YesYesYesMedical societiesAmerican College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2000)1-2 if aged 40-49 yr1 if aged 50 yrYesYesYesAmerican Medical Association (1999)1YesYesYesAmerican College of Radiology (1998)1YesYesYesAmerican College of Preventive practice of medicine (1996)1-2NoYesYesAmerican Academy of Family Physicians (2001)1-2No+YesNoAmerican Geriatrics Society (1999)1-2Yes***Advocacy groupsNational Breast Cancer Coalition (2000)No+NoNational Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations (2002)1YesYesYesSusan B. Komen Foundation (2002)1Yes YesYesThe above table was taken from the study conducted by Barton (2005)There are several ways presented and studied for breast cancer screening. Its concern is to reduce the prevalence of cancer mortality and to improve the quality of life as a result of early detection, however, there are still people that are not aware of breast cancer screeningIn response to increase the oecumenical awareness of breast cancer, breast cancer protagonism movement has been analyzing the common experiences of women with breast cancer around the world especially those with limited resources. They found out that although there are language barriers, sentiments were consistent across cultures cancer survivors have the same experiences and fears. The beliefs and taboos about breast cancer hinder the awareness programs and treatment. There are also limited resources for public education and awareness. Difficulty in understanding and translating the concept of the disease into English also hinders them in the public awareness of breast cancer (Errico and Rowden 2006).In accordance with this, sociological review of the barriers experienced by the women from different traditional cultures is essential not just to understand patterns of late breast cancer diagnosis but also the importance of interventions and programs. This is necessary for them to understand the preventive health care, specifically in breast cancer. This is because many are still ignorant of the breast cancer. According to Remennick (2006), health care providers and policymakers should try to understand and influence women especially those who are cancer risk to be aware of the disease to detect and treat breast cancer early. There are many structural barriers that hinder women especially those living in rural areas.Socioeconomic factors include poor health insurance, distance to medical facilities and inability to take time off work. Organizational barriers include difficulty in navigating complex health care syste ms and interacting with medical staff. Psychological and sociocultural barriers are poor health motivation, denial of personal risk, fatalism mistrust of cancer treatments and fear of becoming a burden on the family members.Still in other cultural behavior, especially in Muslims, women are strongly controlled by men and therefore may prohibit women in breast cancer screening. Remennick (2006) includes in his study the different climaxes that lower the mentioned barriers, including implementation of uplifting the educational programs that would enlighten people regarding cancer myths and fallacies. He suggests that health care professional must outreach to their co ethnics.primary coil health care providers play a critical role in determining the compliance with treatment and preventive practices through direct recommendations to their patients. Family physicians and general internists showed that 70% of women who received a provider referral completed a screening mammography within one year versus only 18% of self-referred women (Grady et al 1997 as stated by Santora 2003). However, Over 90% of rural women report that a doctors recommendation to have breast cancer screening is important (Sparks et al 1996 as stated by Santora 2003).It should be noted that clinician compliance is contributed by several factors such as relation with provider, guideline of the treatment, patients behavior and environmental factors. Several studies have been conducted to report the differences of health services in rural, urban and suburban areas with regards to their health care services in the family practice clinics. It has been pointed out that lower utilization has been a significant factor. Those rural health practitioners have less access to health care services. In a study done by Pol and his colleagues (2001), suggested that rural health services do not lag for patients with access after revealing that 9 out of 16 services examined were as high or higher in rural areas.A nother study to examine the variations in breast cancer screening among primary care clinicians by geographic location of clinical practice was done by Santora (2003). Physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants were included in the study and were classified ad into urban, rural and suburban categories based upon practice location. The study revealed that although there was no significant difference in the practice location, there was evident variation in the practice of breast screening.It was reported that urban and suburban health practitioners were less compliant with the use of breast cancer guidelines as compared to clinicians in rural areas. Primary care clinicians, including physicians, nurse practitioners and physicians assistants lack a consistent. This study revealed that geographical location is not the main factor of inconsistent medical approach to breast cancer screening. Although the difference in the approaches to the procedure is uncertain in this stud y.A related study about General Practitioners (GPs) knowledge, beliefs and attitudes toward breast screening, and their association with practice based-organizations of breast cancer screening, was conducted by Bekker, Morrisona and Marteau (1999). 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